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Calculating Dry Deposition and Canopy Exchange with the Canopy Budget Model: Review of Assumptions and Application to Two Deciduous Forests

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Abstract

The canopy budget model simulates the interaction of major ions within forest canopies based on throughfall and precipitation measurements. The model has been used for estimating dry deposition and canopy exchange fluxes in a wide range of forest ecosystems, but different approaches have been reported. We give an overview of model variations with respect to the time step, type of open-field precipitation data, and tracer ion, and discuss the strengths and weaknesses of different assumptions on ion exchange within forest canopies. To examine the effect of model assumptions on the calculated fluxes, nine approaches were applied to data from two deciduous forest plots located in regions with contrasting atmospheric deposition, i.e. a beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) plot in Belgium and a mixed sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) plot in Quebec.

For both forest plots, a semi-annual time step in the model gave similar results as an annual time step. Na+ was found to be more suitable as a tracer ion in the filtering approach than Cl− or \({\text{SO}}_4^{2 - } \). Using bulk instead of wet-only precipitation underestimated the potentially acidifying deposition. To compute canopy uptake of \({\text{NH}}_4^ + \) and H+, ion exchange with K+, Ca2+, and Mg2+ as well as simultaneous cation and anion leaching should be considered. Different equations to allocate \({\text{NH}}_4^ + \) vs H+ uptake had most effect on the estimated fluxes of the cation that was less important at a plot. More research is needed on the relative uptake efficiency of H+, \({\text{NH}}_4^ + \), and \({\text{NO}}_{_3 }^{\text{ - }} \) for varying tree species and environmental conditions.

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Acknowledgements

We thank Luc Willems and Greet De bruyn for assisting in the laboratory work. Philip Van Avermaet of the Flemish Environment Agency is acknowledged for the kind permission to use a wet-only sampler. The first and the third author were funded as postdoctoral fellows of the Research Foundation-Flanders (FWO) and the Special Research Fund of Ghent University (BOF), respectively.

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  1. Laboratory of Forestry, Ghent University, Geraardsbergsesteenweg 267, B-9090, Gontrode, Belgium

    Jeroen Staelens, An De Schrijver & Kris Verheyen

  2. Direction de la recherche forestière, Ministère des Ressources naturelles du Québec, 2700 rue Einstein, Sainte-Foy, QC G1P 3W8, Canada

    Daniel Houle

  3. Research Institute for Nature and Forest, Gaverstraat 4, B-9500, Geraardsbergen, Belgium

    Johan Neirynck

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  1. Jeroen Staelens
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Correspondence to Jeroen Staelens.

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Staelens, J., Houle, D., De Schrijver, A. et al. Calculating Dry Deposition and Canopy Exchange with the Canopy Budget Model: Review of Assumptions and Application to Two Deciduous Forests. Water Air Soil Pollut 191, 149–169 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-008-9614-2

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