Abstract
Batch tests were conducted to know the effectiveness of using surfactants only and surfactants with a complexing agent to remove Cu (II) and Zn (II) from an artificially contaminated sandy soil. SDS (sodium dodecyl sulfate), AOT (alpha-olefin sulfonate) and Tx-100 (Triton X-100) were the surfactants selected as the washing liquids. Complexing agent EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) was also selected for washing the soil. To avoid external factors from interfering with the cleaning process, artificial soil formed by a mixture of clean sand and bentonite was used to form contaminated soil samples. The amount of organic matter present was insignificant. Compared to extraction by distilled water, tests indicated that a six-fold increase in copper extraction occurred due to the presence of surfactants and/or the complexing agent EDTA. Compared to extraction by distilled water, zinc extraction by surfactants and or the complexing agent EDTA was nearly 1.2 to 1.3 times more. Effects of competition as well as interference associated with the adsorption and desorption of these metals are also very briefly reported.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abdul, A. S., & Gibson, T. L. (1991). Laboratory studies of surfactant-enhanced washing of polychlorinated biphenyl from sandy material. Environmental Science & Technology, 25(4), 665–671.
Ahmadi, S., Huang, Y. C., Batchelor, B., & Koseoglu, S. (1995). Binding of heavy metals to derivatives of cholesterol and sodium dodecyl sulfate. Journal of Environmental Engineering ASCE, 121(9), 645–652.
Alloway, B. J. (1990). Heavy metals in soils. New York: Wiley.
Benjamine, M. M., & Leckie, J. O. (1981). Competitive adsorption of Cd, Cu, Zn and Pb on the amorphous iron oxyhydroxide. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 83, 410–419.
Bourbonais, K. A., Compeau, G. C., & MacCellan, L. K. (1995). Evaluating effectiveness of in situ soil flushing. In R. C. Knox, & J. H. Harwell (Eds.), Surfactant-enhanced subsurface remediation (pp. 161–176). ACS symposium series 594.
Cameron, R. E. (1992). Guide to site and soil description for hazardous waste site characterization (1): Metals, EPA report 600/4–91/029.
Chiou, C. T., & Rutherford, D. W. (1993). Sorption of N2 and EGME vapors on some soils, clays, and mineral oxides and determination of sample surface areas by use of sorption data. Environmental Science & Technology, 27, 1587–1594.
Christophi, C. A., & Axe, L. (2000). Competition of Cd, Cu, and Pb adsorption on goethite. Journal of Environmental Engineering ASCE, 154(1), 245–267.
Cline, S. R., & Reed, B. R. (1995). Lead removal from soils via bench-scale soil washing techniques. Journal of Environmental Engineering ASCE, 121(10), 700–705.
Daniels, J. L., Inyang, H. I., & Chien, C. C. (2004). Verification of contaminant sorption by soil–Bentonite barrier materials using electron scanning microscopy/energy dispersive x-ray spectrometry. Journal of Environmental Engineering ASCE, 120(8), 910–917.
Davis, A. P., & Hotha, B. (1998). Washing of various lead compounds from a contaminated soil column. Journal of Environmental Engineering ASCE, 124(11), 1066–1075.
Davis, A. P., & Singh, I. (1995). Washing of Zinc (II) from a contaminated column. Journal of Environmental Engineering ASCE, 121(2), 174–185.
Deshpande, S., Shiau, B. J., Wade, D., Sabatini, A. D., & Harwell, J. H. (1999). Surfactant selection for enhancing ex situ soil washing. Water Research, 33(2), 351–360.
Deuren, J. V., Lloyd, T., Chetry, S., Liou, R., & Pec, J. (2002). Remediation technologies screening matrix and reference guide, 4th edn. (http://www.frtr.gov/matrix2/section4/4-3.html).
Doong, R., Lei, W. G., Chen, T. F., Lee, C. Y., Chen, J. H., & Chang, W. H. (1996). Effect of anionic and nonionic surfactants on sorption and micellar solubilization of monocyclic aromatic compounds. Water Science and Technology, 34(7–8), 327–334.
Doong, R., WU, H. A., & Lei, W. G. (1998). Surfactant enhanced remediation of cadmium contaminated soils. Water Science and Technology, 37(8), 65–71.
Duffield, A. R., Ramamurthy, A. S., & Campanelli, J. R. (2003). Surfactant enhanced mobilization of mineral oil with porous media. Water, Air and Soil Pollution, 143(3), 111–122.
Edward, D. A., Adeel, Z., & Luthy, R. G. (1994). ‘Distribution of nonionic surfactant and phenanthrene in a sediment/aqueous system. Environmental Science & Technology, 28, 1550–1560.
Eliot, H. A., & Brown, G. A. (1989). Comparative evaluation of NTA and EDTA for extractive decontamination of Pb-polluted soils. Water, Air and soil pollution, 45, 361–369.
Ellis, W. d., Fogg, T. R., & Tafuri, A. N. (1986). Treatment of soils contaminated with heavy metals, land disposal, remedial action. Incineration and treatment of hazardous waste, 12th Annual. Rsch. Symposium, EPA 600/9–86/022, (Cincinnati), 201–207.
Evanko, C. R., & Davia, A. D. (1997). Remediation of metal-contaminated soils and groundwater. Report of Ground water remediation technologies analysis center.
Gadde, R., & Laitinen, H. A. (1974). Studies of heavy metal adsorption by hydrous iron and manganese oxides. Analytical Chemistry, 46, 2022–2026.
Gadelle, F., Wan, J., & Tokunaga, T. K. (2001). Removal of uranium (VI) from contaminated sediments by surfactants. Journal of environmental quality, 30, 470–478.
Harwell, J. H. (1992). Factors affecting surfactant performance in ground water remediation application. In D. A. Sabatini, & R. C. Knox (Eds.), Transport and remediation of subsurface contaminants (pp. 124–132). ACS Symposium series 491, Washington, DC.
Hong, A., Chen, T. C., & Okey, R. W. (1995). Chelating extraction of lead and copper from soil with S-carboxymethylcysteine. Water Environment Research, 67, 971–979.
Huang, C., Van Benschoten, T. C., Healy, T. C., & Ryan, M. E. (1997). Feasibility study of surfactant use for remediation of organic and metal contaminated soils. Journal of Soil Contamination, 6(5), 537–556.
Li, X. (2004). Surfactant enhanced washing of Cu (II) and Zn (II) from a contaminated sandy soil. MASc thesis, Building, Civil and Env. Engg. Dept, Concordia Univ., Montreal, Canada.
Mohammad, A., & Jabeen, N. (2003). TLC studies and separation of heavy metal cation on soil amend silica gel layers developed with surfactant-mediated solvent systems. Indian Journal of Chemical Technology, 10, 79–86.
Mukerjee, P., & Mysels, K. J. (1971). Critical micelle concentrations of aqueous surfactant systems. National standard data series, 36. National Bureau of Standards, Washington, DC.
Peters, R. W. (1999). ‘Chelate extraction of heavy metals from contamination soils. Journal of Hazardous Materials’, 66(1–2), 151–210.
Reed, B. E., Carriere, P. C., & Moore, R. (1996). Flushing of a Pb (II) contaminated soil using HCl, EDTA, and CaCl’2. Journal of Environmental Engineering, ASCE, 122(1), 48–50.
Sigma (1993). Sigma information sheet. www.sigmaaldrich.com/cgibin/hsrun/Suite7/Suite/HAHT.
Temminghoff, E. J. M., Van Der Zec, S. E. A. T. M., & Keizer, M. G. (1994). The influence of pH on the desorption and speciation of copper in a sandy soil. Soil Science, 158(6, 3), 398–408.
Wilson, D. J., & Clarke, A. N. (1994) Soil surfactant flushing/washing. In D. J. Wilson, & A. N. Clarke (Eds.), Hazardous waste site soil remediation: Innovative technologies. Marcel Dekker, USA.
Wu, J., Laird, D. A., & Thompson, M. L. (1999). Sorption and desorption of copper on soil clay components. Journal of Environmental Quality, 28(1), 334–338.
Zhang, W., & Lo, I. M. C. (2006). EDTA-enhanced washing for remediation of Pb-and/or Zn-contaminated soils. Journal of Environmental Engineering ASCE, 133(5), 548–555.
Zhang, W., & Lo, I. M. C. (2007). Chemical-enhanced washing for remediation of soils contaminated with marine diesel fuel in the presence/absence of Pb. Journal of Environmental Engineering ASCE, 133(5), 548–555.
Zasoski, R. J., & Burau, R. G. (1988). Sorption and sorptive interactions of cadmium and zinc on hydrous manganese oxide. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 52, 81–87.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Ramamurthy, A.S., Vo, D., Li, X.J. et al. Surfactant-Enhanced Removal of Cu (II) and Zn (II) from a Contaminated Sandy Soil. Water Air Soil Pollut 190, 197–207 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-007-9592-9
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-007-9592-9