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Activated Carbon Produced from Waste Wood Pallets: Adsorption of Three Classes of Dyes

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Abstract

Activated carbon was derived from waste wood pallets in Hong Kong via phosphoric acid activation and applied to adsorption of basic dye (methylene blue), acid dyes (acid blue 25 and acid red 151), and reactive dye (reactive red 23). The results showed that respective adjustment in phosphoric acid concentration, impregnation ratio, activation temperature, and activation time could maximize the surface area and pore volume of activated carbon. An increase of impregnation ratio or activation temperature significantly influenced the pore size distribution by expanding the porous structure and creating more macropores than micropores. The characterization of the carbon surface chemistry using Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, however, revealed a decrease in the amount of several functional groups with increasing activation temperature. The physical properties (surface area and pore volume) of the wood waste-derived activated carbon (using 36% phosphoric acid with an impregnation ratio of 1.5 at an activation temperature of 550°C for 1.5 h) were comparable to those of commercial activated carbon (Calgon F400). The contrasting pH effects on the adsorption of different classes of dyes signified the importance of both electrostatic interaction and chemical adsorption, which correlated to pH-dependent dissociation of surface functional groups. It is noteworthy that the physical properties of activated carbon were insufficient to account for the observed dye adsorption behavior, whereas the surface chemistry of activated carbon and the nature and chemical structure of dyes were more important. The fast kinetics and high capacity of dye adsorption of wood waste-derived activated carbon suggest that production of activated carbon from different types of wood waste should merit further investigation.

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Acknowledgements

The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support of the University Grants Council for Emerging High Impact Area (project no. HIA 04/04.EG03).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute for the Environment, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong

    Daniel C. W. Tsang, Jing Hu & Mei Yi Liu

  2. Department of Environmental Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, 135 Xin Gang Xi Road, Guangzhou, China

    Weihua Zhang

  3. Department of Civil Architectural and Environmental Engineering Department – EWRE, The University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station C1786, Austin, TX, 78712-0280, USA

    Keith C. K. Lai

  4. Department of Civil Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong

    Irene M. C. Lo

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  1. Daniel C. W. Tsang
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Correspondence to Irene M. C. Lo.

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Tsang, D.C.W., Hu, J., Liu, M.Y. et al. Activated Carbon Produced from Waste Wood Pallets: Adsorption of Three Classes of Dyes. Water Air Soil Pollut 184, 141–155 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-007-9404-2

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