Abstract
This paper presents the comparison of two hybrid methodologies for the two-objective (cost and resilience) design of water distribution systems. The first method is a low-level hybrid algorithm (LLHA), in which a main controller (the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II, NSGA-II) coordinates various subordinate algorithms. The second method is a high-level hybrid algorithm (HLHA), in which various sub-algorithms collaborate in parallel. Applications to four case studies of increasing complexity enable the performances of the hybrid algorithms to be compared with each other and with the performance of the NSGA-II. In the case study featuring low/intermediate complexity, the hybrid algorithms (especially the HLHA) successfully capture a more diversified Pareto front, although the NSGA-II shows the best convergence. When network complexity increases, instead, the hybrid algorithms (especially the LLHA) turn out to be superior in terms of both convergence and diversity. With respect to both the HLHA and the NSGA-II, the LLHA is capable of detecting the final front in a single run with a lower computation burden. In contrast, the HLHA and the NSGA-II, which are more affected by the initial random seed, require numerous runs with an attempt to reach the definitive Pareto front. On the other hand, a drawback of the LLHA lies in its reduced ability to deal with general problem formulations, i.e., those not relating to water distribution optimal design.
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Acknowledgments
The first author would like to appreciate the financial support given by both the University of Exeter and the China Scholarship Council towards the PhD research. The work of the second and third author was carried out as part of the PRIN 2012 “Devices and Procedures for an Advanced and Substainable management of Water Distribution Systems” and under the framework of Terra&Acqua Tech Laboratory, Axis I activity 1.1 of the POR FESR 2007–2013 project funded by Emilia-Romagna Regional Council (Italy). We also appreciate the comments and suggestions given by anonymous reviewers, which helped improve the quality of this paper substantially.
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Wang, Q., Creaco, E., Franchini, M. et al. Comparing Low and High-Level Hybrid Algorithms on the Two-Objective Optimal Design of Water Distribution Systems. Water Resour Manage 29, 1–16 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-014-0823-8
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-014-0823-8