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Competing Drivers of Hybridity: Third-Sector Housing Organisations in Northern Ireland

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Abstract

This paper explores the complex process of hybridisation of third-sector housing and support organisations (TSOs) in Northern Ireland. The focus of the study is the policy field of housing-related support services, known in the UK as ‘Supporting People’. This is a hybrid policy field involving several government departments, a number of market mechanisms and two types of third-sector actors. The exercise of organisational agency to adapt to competing drivers is illuminated through mental health and homelessness case studies. The paper explores how competing external influences from the Northern Ireland Assembly, horizontal policies for the third-sector and vertical service commissioning policies interact with TSOs’ own adaptation strategies involving the deployment of robust third-sector identities. Hybridisation is found to involve not only the dominance of state drivers and the promotion of market mechanisms in both fields, but also enactment of third-sector identities. Our analysis of hybridization in this case counters Billis’ (2010) representation of third-sector identity as weak, in flux, and subject to erosion by focusing on the agency of TSOs to strategically adapt to and negotiate external drivers and thereby achieve competitive advantage. Through the enactment of identity in this adaptation process, resources such as legitimacy, charitable income and volunteers are secured. This provides opportunities for policy makers to add value if they are prepared to emphasise horizontal over vertical policy goals.

Resume

Cet article s’attache à décrire le processus complexe d’hybridation des organisations du secteur tertiaire d’assistance au logement (OTS) en Irlande du Nord. L’étude s’intéresse en particulier au secteur politique des services d’assistance liés au logement, connu au Royaume-Uni sous l’appellation Assistance aux personnes. Il s’agit d’un secteur politique hybride impliquant différentes administrations gouvernementales, plusieurs mécanismes commerciaux et deux types d’intervenants du secteur tertiaire. L’exercice d’un mandat organisationnel aux fins d’une adaptation aux facteurs en concurrence est explicité en recourant à des études de cas sur la santé mentale et les sans-abri. L’article analyse la manière dont des influences externes concurrentielles émanant de l’Assemblée de l’Irlande du Nord, des politiques horizontales pour le secteur tertiaire et des politiques de mise en œuvre d’un service vertical, interagissent avec les stratégies d’adaptation propres aux OST supposant le déploiement de fortes identités du secteur tertiaire. Il apparaît que l’hybridation implique non seulement la domination des facteurs étatiques et la promotion des mécanismes commerciaux dans les deux secteurs, mais également l’affirmation des identités du secteur tertiaire. Notre analyse de l’hybridation dans ce cas sert de contrepoids à la représentation de Billis (2020) d’une identité du secteur tertiaire qui serait faible, instable et sujette à la désintégration, en mettant en particulier l’accent sur le mandat des OTS afin d’adapter de manière stratégique et de négocier les facteurs externes, réalisant ainsi un avantage concurrentiel. Grâce à l’affirmation de l’identité au sein de ce processus d’adaptation, les ressources telles que la légitimité, le revenu caritatif ainsi que les bénévoles sont garanties. Les décideurs politiques se voient ainsi donner la possibilité d’ajouter une valeur s’ils sont prêts à mettre l’accent sur les objectifs politiques horizontaux par rapport aux buts verticaux.

Zusammenfassung

Dieser Beitrag untersucht den komplexen Prozess der Hybridisierung von Dritter-Sektor-Organisationen in Nordirland, die Wohnraum- und Unterstützungsdienstleistungen bereitstellen. Die Studie konzentriert sich auf den politischen Bereich wohnraumbezogener Unterstützungsdienstleistungen, der im Vereinigten Königreich als „Supporting People“bekannt ist. Es handelt sich hierbei um einen hybriden politischen Bereich, in dem mehrere Regierungsstellen und Marktmechanismen sowie zwei Arten von Akteuren des Dritten Sektors involviert sind. Die Praxis der organisationalen Vermittlung zur Anpassung an konkurrierende Einflussfaktoren wird anhand von Fallstudien zur psychischen Gesundheit und Obdachlosigkeit erläutert. Der Beitrag untersucht, wie konkurrierende externe Einflüsse seitens des nordirischen Parlaments (Northern Ireland Assembly), nämlich horizontale Richtlinien für den Dritten Sektor und vertikale Richtlinien zur Auftragsvergabe von Dienstleistungen, auf die Anpassungsstrategien der Organisationen des dritten Sektors einwirken, die den Einsatz stabiler Dritter-Sektor-Identitäten umfassen. Es zeigt sich, dass bei der Hybridisierung in beiden Bereichen nicht nur die Dominanz staatlicher Einflussfaktoren und die Förderung von Marktmechanismen involviert sind, sondern auch der Einsatz von Dritter-Sektor-Identitäten. Unsere Analyse zur Hybridisierung in diesem Fall widerspricht Billis (2010), der die Identität des Dritten Sektors als schwach, wechselhaft und erosionsanfällig beschreibt, und konzentriert sich auf die Vermittlungsaufgabe der Dritter-Sektor-Organisationen, sich strategisch an externe Einflussfaktoren anzupassen und diese zu verhandeln, um so einen Wettbewerbsvorteil zu erlangen. Durch die Inszenierung der Identität in diesem Anpassungsprozess sichern sie Ressourcen, wie Legitimität, gemeinnützige Einnahmen und ehrenamtliche Mitarbeiter. Dies gibt politischen Entscheidungsträgern die Gelegenheit, einen Mehrwert zu schaffen, wenn sie bereit sind, die horizontalen den vertikalen politischen Zielen voranzustellen.

Resumen

El presente documento explora el complejo proceso de la hibridización de las organizaciones de apoyo y vivienda del sector terciario (TSO, del inglés third-sector organisation) en Irlanda del Norte. El foco de atención del estudio es el campo de los servicios de apoyo relacionados con la vivienda, conocidos en el Reino Unido como Apoyo a las Personas (Supporting People). Se trata de un campo de la política que implica a diversos departamentos gubernamentales, a una serie de mecanismos del mercado y a dos tipos de actores del sector terciario. El ejercicio de la agencia organizativa para adaptarse a los impulsores competitivos se ilustra mediante estudios de casos sobre salud mental y falta de hogar (sin techo). El documento explora cómo interactúan las influencias externas competitivas de la Asamblea de Irlanda del Norte, las políticas horizontales para el sector terciario y las políticas de puesta en servicio verticales con las propias estrategias de adaptación de las TSO que implican el despliegue de identidades del sector terciario robustas. Se encuentra que la hibridización implica no solamente el dominio de los impulsores estatales y la promoción de los mecanismos de mercado en ambos campos, sino también la activación de identidades del sector terciario. Nuestro análisis de hibridización en este caso contraargumenta la representación de Billis (2010) de la identidad del sector terciario como débil, en cambio constante, y sujeta a la erosión centrándose en la agencia de las TSO para adaptarse estratégicamente y negociar impulsores externos y de este modo lograr la ventaja competitiva. Mediante la activación de la identidad en este proceso de adaptación, se aseguran los recursos, tales como la legitimidad, las contribuciones benéficas y los voluntarios. Esto proporciona oportunidades para que los legisladores añadan valor si están dispuestos a hacer hincapié en metas de política horizontales frente a verticales.

Chinese

本白皮书探讨了北爱尔兰第三部门住房和支持组织 (TSO) 的复杂混合流程。本研究的重点是住房相关支持服务的政策领域,这在英国被称为支持人员。这是一个混合政策领域,涉及几个政府部门、一些市场机制和两种第三部门执行机构类型。这里通过心理健康和无家可归人员的案例研究展示了组织机构适应竞争驱动因素的做法。本文探讨了北爱尔兰机构的外部竞争影响因素、第三部门的水平政策和垂直服务调节政策如何与TSO涉及部署强大第三部门身份的自有调整策略进行交互。研究发现,混合不仅涉及国家驱动因素的统治地位和在促进这两个领域的市场机制,而且还包括设定第三部门身份。我们对本案例中的混合的分析与与Bills (2010) 认为第三部门是软弱、不断变化的身份相反,并通过专注于TSO机构以战略性适应和协商外部驱动因素受到侵蚀,从而获取竞争优势。通过在这一调整流程设定身份,可以保证合法性、慈善收入和志愿者等资源。如果准备强调水平而不是垂直政策目标,这将为政策制定者提供机会以增加价值。

Arabic

يستطلع هذا البحث العملية المعقدة من تهجين إسكان القطاع الثالث ومؤسسات الدعم (TSOs) في أيرلندا الشمالية. تركيز هذه الدراسة هو مجال سياسة الإسكان ذو الصلة بخدمات الدعم ، المعروف في المملكة المتحدة ببرنامج مساعدة الناس. هذا هو مجال سياسة الهجين الذي يتضمن العديد من الإدارات الحكومية، عدد من آليات السوق ونوعين من الجهات الفاعلة في القطاع الثالث. يتم تركيز الضوء على ممارسة الوكالة التنظيمية للتكيف مع القادة المتنافسين من خلال الصحة النفسية ودراسات حالة التشرد. يستطلع هذا البحث كيف تتنافس التأثيرات الخارجية من جمعية أيرلندا الشمالية، السياسات الأفقية للقطاع الثالث و خدمة سياسات التكليف الرأسية تتفاعل مع إستراتيجيات التكيف الخاصة لإسكان القطاع الثالث ومؤسسات الدعم (TSOs) التي تتضمن نشر قوة هويات القطاع الثالث. لقد وجد أن التهجين يتضمن ليس فقط هيمنة قادة الدولة وتعزيز آليات السوق في كل من المجالين، لكن أيضا˝ تمرير تشريع هويات القطاع الثالث. تحليلنا للتهجين في هذه الحالة يتعارض مع (2010 Billis’) الذي يصف هوية القطاع الثالث بالضعيف، في حالة تدفق، وتخضع للتآكل من خلال التركيز على وكالة من إسكان القطاع الثالث ومؤسسات الدعم (TSOs) للتكيف إستراتيجيا˝ والتفاوض مع الدوافع الخارجية وبالتالي تحقيق ميزة تنافسية. من خلال تمرير تشريع الهوية في عملية التكيف هذه، يتم تأمين الموارد مثل الشرعية، دخل الأعمال الخيرية والمتطوعين. هذا يوفر فرصا˝ لصانعي السياسات لإضافة قيمة إذا كانوا مستعدين لتأكيد أهداف السياسة الأفقي أكثر من العمودي.

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Notes

  1. The review was subsequently named the Bamford Review in recognition of its Chair, Professor David Bamford, who died before the work was completed.

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Acknowledgments

This project was part-funded by the ESRC and Office for Civil Society through core funding for the Third-Sector Research Centre. This enabled initial case study work in Summer 2011 (Mullins 2011) contributing to a comparative analysis of “Third Sector Partnerships” (Rees et al. 2012, TSRC). The longitudinal element of the project was enabled by a research contract with the Northern Ireland Housing Executive for a second set of case study interviews in Summer 2012, published in 2013. All of the research has been undertaken collaboratively by Nick Acheson, University of Ulster, Jenny Muir, Queens University Belfast (Procurement Group case study not included in this paper), and David Mullins, University of Birmingham. We are grateful to our funders and to the experts and case study organisations who have taken part in interviews over the 2 years of the project.

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Mullins, D., Acheson, N. Competing Drivers of Hybridity: Third-Sector Housing Organisations in Northern Ireland. Voluntas 25, 1606–1629 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11266-013-9423-0

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