Abstract
The ecosystem concept was introduced in ecology originally to solve problems associated with theories of succession and ecological communities. It has evolved to become one of ecology’s fundamental ideas, and has proven to be applicable to a wide variety of research questions and applications. However, there is controversy about whether or how well the ecosystem concept is suited to urban habitats. By examining Arthur Tansley’s original presentation of the ecosystem concept, and exploring how the ecological context of the concept has changed, we indicate that the fundamental concept of the ecosystem is well suited to urban ecological studies. The concept can be clarified for urban use by including a social complex and a built complex to insure that human social institutions and actions, and the structures and infrastructure they build are explicitly included in the ecosystem concept. The ecosystem concept is thus seen as clearly robust to use in urban areas.
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Notes
The term humanity, and appropriate pronouns, have been used in place of Tansley’s original terminology that is often now interpreted as sex biased.
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Acknowledgements
We thank our colleagues in the Baltimore Ecosystem Study, Long-Term Ecological Research project for stimulating discussions. Glenn Guntenspergen reminded us of the integrative context embodied in the issue of Ecology in which Tansley’s paper appeared and highlighted C.C. Adams’ ideas. This paper is based on work conducted with support of the National Science Foundation through grants DEB-0423476 and BCS-0508054.