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Energetic Particle Influence on the Earth’s Atmosphere

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Abstract

This manuscript gives an up-to-date and comprehensive overview of the effects of energetic particle precipitation (EPP) onto the whole atmosphere, from the lower thermosphere/mesosphere through the stratosphere and troposphere, to the surface. The paper summarizes the different sources and energies of particles, principally galactic cosmic rays (GCRs), solar energetic particles (SEPs) and energetic electron precipitation (EEP). All the proposed mechanisms by which EPP can affect the atmosphere are discussed, including chemical changes in the upper atmosphere and lower thermosphere, chemistry-dynamics feedbacks, the global electric circuit and cloud formation. The role of energetic particles in Earth’s atmosphere is a multi-disciplinary problem that requires expertise from a range of scientific backgrounds. To assist with this synergy, summary tables are provided, which are intended to evaluate the level of current knowledge of the effects of energetic particles on processes in the entire atmosphere.

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Abbreviations

ACR:

anomalous cosmic ray

CR:

cosmic ray

CRAC:

cosmic ray atmospheric cascade

CME:

coronal mass ejection

CRII:

cosmic rays induced ionization

CIR:

corotating interaction region

CCN:

cloud condensation nuclei

CCM:

chemistry climate model

CGL:

corrected geomagnetic latitude

EAS:

extensive air showers

EPP:

energetic particle precipitation

EPPs:

energetic precipitating particles

EP:

energetic particle

EEP:

energetic electron precipitation

EMIC:

electromagnetic ion cyclotron

EUV:

extreme ultraviolet

GCR:

galactic cosmic ray

GLE:

ground level enhancement

GMIR:

global merged interaction region

GEC:

global electrical circuit

HCS:

heliospheric current sheet

IMF:

interplanetary magnetic field

NM:

neutron monitor

NLC:

noctilucent clouds

PSC:

Polar stratospheric clouds

REP:

relativistic electron precipitation

SA:

solar activity

SCR:

solar cosmic ray

SEP:

solar energetic particle

SPE:

solar proton event

(SEPs event ≡ SPE ≡ SCRs)

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Acknowledgements

The development of this article resulted from work carried out by an international team of the International Space Science Institute (ISSI), Bern, Switzerland, on “Study of Cosmic Ray Influence upon Atmospheric Processes” continued with an international team of ISSI on “Specification of Ionization Sources Affecting Atmospheric Processes”. Collaboration in the frame of COST Action ES1005 TOSCA is gratefully acknowledge. KAN acknowledges the support of an Early Career Fellowship from the Leverhulme Trust. IU acknowledges ReSoLVE Centre of Excellence (Academy of Finland Project No. 272157). ER was partially supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation under grant agreements CRSI122-130642 (FUPSOL) and CRSII2-147659 (FUPSOL II). IM acknowledges the support of RFBR grant 13-05-01063. KA, GH and KAN are grateful to Dr. F. Marcz (the Hungarian Institute of Sciences) who provided the PG data for Fig. 42. The solar flux data used in Fig. 45 were provided by NOAA’s National Geophysical Data Center.

The authors thank the Editor for assistance and are grateful to anonymous Reviewers for their efforts and valuable comments that helped us to improve the manuscript.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Earth Physics Department, Institute and Faculty of Physics, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya nab. 7/9, St. Petersburg, 199034, Russia

    Irina A. Mironova

  2. Physics Department, University of Oxford, Denys Wilkinson Building, Keble Road, Oxford, OX1 3RH, UK

    Karen L. Aplin

  3. Atmospheric Physics Division, Max-Planck-Institute for Nuclear Physics, P.O. Box 103980, 69129, Heidelberg, Germany

    Frank Arnold

  4. Lebedev Physical Institute, Russian Academy of Science, Leninsky pr. 53, Moscow, Russia

    Galina A. Bazilevskaya

  5. Department of Meteorology, University of Reading, P.O. Box 243, Earley Gate, Reading Berks, RG6 6BB, UK

    R. Giles Harrison & Keri A. Nicoll

  6. Laboratory for Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics, Central Aerological Observatory Russian Federal Service for Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring, Pervomayskaya str. 3, 141700, Dolgoprudny, Moscow, Russia

    Alexei A. Krivolutsky

  7. PMOD/WRC and IAC ETHZ, Dorfstrasse 33, 7260, Davos Dorf, Switzerland

    Eugene V. Rozanov

  8. Sodankylä Geophysical Observatory, Tähteläntie 62, 99600, Sodankylä, Finland

    Esa Turunen

  9. Sodankylä Geophysical Observatory (Oulu unit) and ReSoLVE Centre of Excellence, University of Oulu, 90014, Oulu, Finland

    Ilya G. Usoskin

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  1. Irina A. Mironova
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Mironova, I.A., Aplin, K.L., Arnold, F. et al. Energetic Particle Influence on the Earth’s Atmosphere. Space Sci Rev 194, 1–96 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-015-0185-4

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