Abstract
This paper provides an overview on the recent progress in studying the ionospheric response to atmospheric tides forced from below. The global spatial structure and temporal variability of the atmospheric temperature tides and their ionospheric responses are considered on the basis of modern satellite-board data (COSMIC and TIMED). The tidal waves from the two data sets have been extracted by one and the same data analysis method. The similarity between the lower thermospheric temperature tides and their ionospheric responses provides evidence for confirming the new paradigm of atmosphere-ionosphere coupling. This paper provides also new experimental results which give an explanation why the WN4 and partly WN3 longitude structures are so prominent pattern in the ionosphere. These results present evidence indicating that the WN4 (WN3) structure is not generated only by the DE3 (DE2) tide as it has been often assumed. The DE3 (DE2) tide remains the leading contributor, but the SPW4 and SE2 (SPW3, DW4 and SE1) waves have their effects as well in a way that the ionospheric response becomes almost double (1.5 time stronger). The paper presents also the global distribution and temporal variability of the sun-synchronous 24-h (DW1), 12-h (SW2) and 8-h (TW3) electron density oscillations. It has been shown that while the latitude and altitude structure of the ionospheric SW2 response is predominantly shaped by the migrating SW2 tide forced from below the DW1 response is mainly due to daily variability of the photo-ionization. The peculiar vertical structure of the ionospheric TW3 response, that shows downward/upward phase progression, calls for further study of the physical processes shaping this ionospheric response.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
M. Angelats i Coll, J.M. Forbes, Nonlinear interactions in the upper atmosphere: the s=1 and s=3 nonmigrating semidiurnal tides. J. Geophys. Res. (2002). doi:10.1029/2001JA900179
C. Arras, Ch. Jacobi, J. Wicker, Semidiurnal tidal signature in sporadic E occurrence rates derived from GPS radio occultation measurements at midlatitudes. Ann. Geophys. 27, 2555–2563 (2009)
F. Azpilicueta, C. Brunini, S.M. Radicella, Global ionospheric maps from GPS observations using modip latitude. Adv. Space Res. 38, 2324–2331 (2006)
L. Bankov, R. Heelis, M. Parrot, J.-J. Berthelier, P. Marinov, A. Vassileva, WN4 effect on longitudinal distribution of different ion species in the topside ionosphere at low latitudes by means of DEMETER, DMSP-F13 and DMSP-F15 data. Ann. Geophys. 27, 1–10 (2009)
N.P. Benkova, M.G. Deminov, A.T. Karpachev, N.A. Kochenova, Yu.V. Kusnerevsky, V.V. Migulin, S.A. Pulinets, M.D. Fligel, Longitude features shown by topside sounder data and their importance in ionospheric mapping. Adv. Space Res. 10, 857–866 (1990)
P.S. Brahmanandam, Y.-H. Chu, K.-H. Wu, H.-P. Hsia, C.-L. Su, G. Uma, Vertical and longitudinal electron density structures of equatorial E- and F-regions. Ann. Geophys. 29, 81–89 (2011)
S. Chapman, R.S. Lindzen, Atmospheric Tides: Thermal and Gravitational (Gordon and Breach, New York, 1970), p. 200
C.-Z. Cheng, Y.-H. Kuo, R.A. Anthes, L. Wu, Satellite constellation monitors global and space weather. Eos Trans. AGU 87, 166–167 (2006)
Y.-H. Chu, K.-H. Wu, C.-L. Su, Reply to comment by Lei et al. on “A new aspect of ionospheric E region electron density morphology”. J. Geophys. Res. 115, A07314 (2010). doi:10.1029/2010JA015334
S.L. England, T.J. Immel, E. Sagawa, S.B. Henderson, M.E. Hagan, S.B. Mende, H.U. Frey, C.M. Swenson, L.J. Paxton, The effect of atmospheric tides on the morphology of the quiet-time post-sunset equatorial ionospheric anomaly. J. Geophys. Res. 111, A10S19 (2006a). doi:10.1029/2006JA011795
S.L. England, S. Maus, T.J. Immel, S.B. Mende, Longitudinal variation of the E-region electric fields caused by atmospheric tides. Geophys. Res. Lett. 33, L21105 (2006b). doi:10.1029/2006GL027465
S.L. England, X. Zhang, T.J. Immel, J.M. Forbes, R. DeMajistre, The effect of non-migrating tides on the morphology of the equatorial ionospheric anomaly: seasonal variability. Earth Planets Space 61, 493–503 (2009)
S.L. England, T.J. Immel, J.D. Huba, M.E. Hagan, A. Maute, R. DeMajistre, Modeling of multiple effects of atmospheric tides on the ionosphere: an examination of possible coupling mechanisms responsible for the longitudinal structure of the equatorial ionosphere. J. Geophys. Res. 115, A05308 (2010). doi:10.1029/2009JA014894
B.G. Fejer, J.W. Jensen, S.-Y. Su, Quiet time equatorial F region vertical plasma drift model derived from ROCSAT-1 observations. J. Geophys. Res. 113, A05304 (2008). doi:10.1029/2007JA012801
J.M. Forbes, R.G. Roble, C. Fesen, Accelerating, heating and compositional mixing of the thermosphere due to upward propagating tides. J. Geophys. Res. 98(A1), 311–321 (1993). doi:10.1029/1992JA00442
J.M. Forbes, J. Russell, S. Miyahara, X. Zhang, S. Palo, M. Mlynczak, C.J. Mertens, M.E. Hagan, Troposphere-thermosphere tidal coupling as measure by the SABER instrument on TIMED during July-September 2002. J. Geophys. Res. 111, A10S06 (2006). doi:10.1029/2005JA011492
J.M. Forbes, X. Zhang, S. Palo, J. Russell, C.J. Mertens, M. Mlynczak, Tidal variability in the ionospheric dynamo region. J. Geophys. Res. 113, A02310 (2008). doi:10.1029/2007JA012737
T.J. Fuller-Rowell, R.A. Akmaev, F. Wu et al., Impact of terrestrial weather on the upper atmosphere. Geophys. Res. Lett. 35, L09808 (2008). doi:10.1029/2007GL032911
M.E. Hagan, Comparative effects of migrating solar sources on tidal signatures in the middle and upper atmosphere. J. Geophys. Res. 101(D16), 21213–21222 (1996)
M.E. Hagan, J.M. Forbes, Migrating and nonmigrating diurnal tides in the middle and upper atmosphere excited by tropospheric latent heat release. J. Geophys. Res. 107, 4754 (2002). doi:10.1029/2001JD001236
M.E. Hagan, J.M. Forbes, Migrating and nonmigrating semidiurnal tides in the upper atmosphere excited by tropospheric latent heat release. J. Geophys. Res. 108(A2), 1062 (2003). doi:10.1029/2002JA009466
M.E. Hagan, A. Maute, R.G. Roble, A.D. Richmond, T.J. Immel, S.L. England, Connections between deep tropical clouds and the Earth’s ionosphere. Geophys. Res. Lett. 34, L20109 (2007). doi:10.1029/2007GL030142
M.E. Hagan, A. Maute, R.G. Roble, Tropospheric tidal effects on the middle and upper atmosphere. J. Geophys. Res. 114, A01302 (2009). doi:10.1029/2008JA013637
C. Haldoupis, D. Pancheva, N.J. Mitchell, A study of tidal and planetary wave periodicities present in midlatitude sporadic E layers. J. Geophys. Res. 109, A02302 (2004). doi:10.1029/2003JA010253
C. Haldoupis, C. Meek, N. Christakis, D. Pancheva, A. Bourdillon, Ionogram height-time-intensity observations of descending sporadic E layers. J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys. 68, 539–557 (2006)
C. Haldoupis, D. Pancheva, Terdiurnal tide-like variability in sporadic E layers. J. Geophys. Res. 111, A07303 (2006). doi:10.1029/2005JA011522
K. Hamilton, Latent heat release as a possible forcing mechanism for atmospheric tides. Mon. Weather Rev. 109, 3–17 (1981)
W.A. Hartman, R.A. Heelis, Longitudinal variations in the equatorial vertical drift in the topside ionosphere. J. Geophys. Res. 112, A03305 (2007). doi:10.1029/2006JA011773
K. Häusler, H. Lühr, Nonmigrating tidal signals in the upper thermospheric zonal wind at equatorial latitudes as observed by CHAMP. Ann. Geophys. 27, 2643–2652 (2009)
R.A. Heelis, Electrodynamics in the low and middle latitude ionosphere: a tutorial. J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys. 66, 825–838 (2004)
F.T. Huang, H.G. Mayr, C.A. Reber, T. Killeen, J.M. Russell, M. Mlynczak, W. Skinner, J.G. Mengel, Diurnal variations of temperature and winds inferred from TIMED and UARS measurements. J. Geophys. Res. 111, A10S04 (2006a). doi:10.1029/2005JA011426
F.T. Huang, H.G. Mayr, C.A. Reber, J.M. Russell, M. Mlynczak, J.G. Mengel, Stratospheric and mesospheric temperature variations for quasi-biennial and semiannual (QBO and SAO) oscillations based on measurements from SABER (TIMED) and MLS (UARS). Ann. Geophys. 24, 2131–2149 (2006b)
T.J. Immel, E. Sagawa, S.L. England, S.B. Henderson, M.E. Hagan, S.B. Mende, H.U. Frey, C.M. Swenson, L.J. Paxton, Control of equatorial ionospheric morphology by atmospheric tides. Geophys. Res. Lett. 33, L15108 (2006). doi:10.1029/2006GL026161
M.C. Jeruchim, P. Balaban, K.S. Shanmugan, Simulation of Communication Systems: Modeling, Methodology and Techniques (Kluwer Academic Plenum Publishers, Dordrecht, 2000), pp. 397–399
H. Jin, Y. Miyoshi, H. Fujiwara, H. Shinagawa, Electrodynamics of the formation of ionospheric wave number 4 longitudinal structure. J. Geophys. Res. 113, A09307 (2008). doi:10.1029/2008JA013301
H. Jin, Y. Miyoshi, H. Fujiwara, H. Shinagawa, K. Terada, N. Terada, M. Ishii, Y. Otsuka, A. Saito, Vertical connection from the tropospheric activities to the ionospheric longitudinal structure simulated by a new Earth’s whole atmosphere-ionosphere coupled model. J. Geophys. Res. 116, A01316 (2011). doi:10.1029/2010JA015925
A.T. Karpachev, Characteristics of the global longitudinal effect in the night-time equatorial anomaly. Geomagn. Aeron. 28(1), 46–49 (1988)
M.C. Kelley, V.K. Wong, N. Aponte, C. Coker, A.J. Mannucci, A. Komjathy, Comparison of COSMIC occultation-based electron density profiles and TIP observations with Arecibo incoherent scatter radar data. Radio Sci. 44, RS4011 (2009). doi:10.1029/2008RS004087
H. Kil, R. DeMajistre, L.J. Paxton, Y. Zhang, Nighttime F-region morphology in the low and middle latitudes seen from DMSP F15 and TIMED/GUVI. J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys. 68, 1672–1681 (2006)
H. Kil, S.-J. Oh, M. Kelley, L. Paxton, S. England, E. Talaat, K.-W. Min, S.-Y. Su, Longitudinal structure of the vertical E×B drift and ion density seen from ROCSAT-1. Geophys. Res. Lett. 34, L14110 (2007). doi:10.1029/2007GL030018
H. Kil, E.R. Talaat, S.-J. Oh, L.J. Paxton, S.L. England, S.-Y. Su, The wave structures of the plasma density and vertical E × B drift in low-latitude F region. J. Geophys. Res. 113, A09312 (2008). doi:10.1029/2008JA013106
N.A. Kochenova, Longitudinal variations of the equatorial ionosphere according to Intercosmos-19 data. Geomagn. Aeron. 21(1), 142–144 (1987)
N.A. Kochenova, Longitudinal variations of N(h) profiles at the magnetic equator. Geomagn. Aeron. 28(1), 144–146 (1988)
A.K.H. Kong, P.A. Charles, E. Kuulkers, Long-term X-ray variability in GX 354-0. New Astron. 3(5), 301–307 (1998)
Y.-H. Kuo, T.-K. Wee, S. Sokolovskiy, C. Rocken, W. Schreiner, D. Hunt, R.A. Anthes, Inversion and error estimation of GPS radio occultation data. J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn. 82(1B), 507–531 (2004)
J. Lei, S. Syndergaard, A.G. Burns et al., Comparison of COSMIC ionospheric measurements with ground-based observations and model predictions: Preliminary results. J. Geophys. Res. 112, A07308 (2007). doi:10.1029/2006JA012240
J. Lei, J.P. Thayer, J.M. Forbes, Q. Wu, C. She, W. Wan, W. Wang, Ionosphere response to solar wind high-speed streams. Geophys. Res. Lett. 35, L19105 (2008). doi:10.1029/2008GL035208
C.H. Lin, W. Wang, M.E. Hagan, C.C. Hsiao, T.J. Immel, M.L. Hsu, J.Y. Liu, L.J. Paxton, T.W. Fang, C.H. Liu, Plausible effect of atmospheric tides on the equatorial ionosphere observed by the FORMOSAT-3/COSMIC: three-dimensional electron density structures. Geophys. Res. Lett. 34, L11112 (2007a). doi:10.1029/2007GL029265
C.H. Lin, C.C. Hsiao, J.Y. Liu, C.H. Liu, Longitudinal structure of the equatorial ionosphere: time evolution of the four-peaked EIA structure. J. Geophys. Res. 112, A12305 (2007b). doi:10.1029/2007JA012455
H. Liu, M. Yamamoto, H. Lühr, Wave-4 pattern of the equatorial mass density anomaly: a thermospheric signature of tropical deep convection. Geophys. Res. Lett. 36, L18104 (2009). doi:10.1029/2009GL039865
J.Y. Liu, C.Y. Lin, C.H. Lin, H.F. Tsai, S.C. Solomon, Y.Y. Sun, T. Lee, W.S. Schreiner, Y.H. Kuo, Artificial plasma caves in the low-latitude ionosphere results from the radio occultation inversion of the FORMOSAT-3/COSMIC. J. Geophys. Res. (2010). doi:10.1029/2009JA015079
H. Lühr, K. Häusler, C. Stolle, Longitudinal variation of F region electron density and thermospheric zonal wind caused by atmospheric tides. Geophys. Res. Lett. 34, L16102 (2007). doi:10.1029/2007GL030639
H. Lühr, M. Rother, K. Häusler, P. Alken, S. Maus, Influence of nonmigrating tides on the longitudinal variations of the equatorial electrojet. J. Geophys. Res. 113, A08313 (2008). doi:10.1029/2008JA013064
J.D. Mathews, E. Sporadic, Current views and recent progress. J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys. 60, 413–435 (1998)
C. McLandress, W.E. Ward, Tidal/gravity wave interactions and their influence on the large scale dynamics of the middle atmosphere: model results. J. Geophys. Res. 99, 8139–8156 (1994)
C.J. Mertens et al., Retrieval of mesospheric and lower thermospheric kinetic temperature from measurements of CO2 15 μm earth limb emission under non-LTE conditions. Geophys. Res. Lett. 28, 1391–1394 (2001)
C.J. Mertens et al., SABER observations of mesospheric temperature and comparisons with falling sphere measurements taken during the 2002 summer MaCWINE campaign. Geophys. Res. Lett. 31, J03105 (2004). doi:10.1029/2003GL018605
P. Mukhtarov, D. Pancheva, B. Andonov, Global structure, seasonal and interannual variability of the migrating diurnal tide seen in the SABER/TIMED temperatures between 20 and 120 km. J. Geophys. Res. 114, A02309 (2009). doi:10.1029/2008JA013759
P. Mukhtarov, D. Pancheva, Global ionospheric response to nonmigrating DE3 and DE2 tides forced from below. J. Geophys. Res. (2011). doi:10.1029/2010JA016099
J. Oberheide, M.E. Hagan, R.G. Roble, D. Offermann, Sources of nonmigrating tides in the tropical middle atmosphere. J. Geophys. Res. 107, 4567 (2002). doi:10.1029/2002JD002220
J. Oberheide, Q. Wu, T.L. Killeen, M.E. Hagan, R.G. Roble, Diurnal nonmigrating tides from TIMED Doppler Interferometer wind data: monthly climatologies and seasonal variations. J. Geophys. Res. 111, A10S03 (2006). doi:10.1029/2005JA011491
J. Oberheide, Q. Wu, T.L. Killeen, M.E. Hagan, R.G. Roble, A climatology of nonmigrating semidiurnal tides from TIMED Doppler Interferometer (TIDI) wind data. J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys. 69, 2203–2218 (2007)
J. Oberheide, J.M. Forbes, Tidal propagation of deep tropical cloud signatures into the thermosphere from TIMED observations. Geophys. Res. Lett. 35, L04816 (2008). doi:10.1029/2007GL032397
J. Oberheide, J.M. Forbes, K. Haüsler, Q. Wu, S.L. Bruinsma, Tropospheric tides from 80–400 km: propagation, inter-annual variability and solar cycle effects. J. Geophys. Res. 114, D00I05 (2009). doi:10.1029/2009JD012388
J. Oberheide, J.M. Forbes, X. Zhang, S.L. Bruinsma, Wave-driven variability in the ionosphere-thermosphere-mesosphere system from TIMED observations: what contributes to the “wave4”? J. Geophys. Res. 116, A01306 (2011). doi:10.1029/2009JA015911
D. Pancheva, C. Haldoupis, C. Meek, A. Manson, N. Mitchell, Evidence for a role of modulated atmospheric tides in the dependence of sporadic E layers on planetary waves. J. Geophys. Res. 108(A5), 1176 (2003). doi:10.1029/2002JA009788
D. Pancheva, P. Mukhtarov, B. Andonov, Nonmigrating tidal activity related to the sudden stratospheric warming in the Arctic winter of 2003/2004. Ann. Geophys. 27, 975–987 (2009a)
D. Pancheva, P. Mukhtarov, B. Andonov, Global structure, seasonal and interannual variability of the migrating semidiurnal tide seen in the SABER/TIMED temperatures (2002–2007). Ann. Geophys. 27, 687–703 (2009b)
D. Pancheva, P. Mukhtarov, B. Andonov, N.J. Mitchell, J.M. Forbes, Planetary waves observed by TIMED/SABER in coupling the stratosphere-mesosphere-lower thermosphere during the winter of 2003/2004: Part 1, Comparison with the UKMO temperature results. J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys. 71, 61–74 (2009c)
D. Pancheva, P. Mukhtarov, B. Andonov, Reply to Manson et al.’s comment on “Global structure, seasonal and interannual variability of the migrating semidiurnal tide seen in the SABER/TIMED temperatures (2002–2007)”. Ann. Geophys. 28, 677–685 (2010a)
D. Pancheva, P. Mukhtarov, B. Andonov, Global distribution, seasonal and interannual variability of the eastward propagating tides seen in the SABER/TIMED temperatures (2002–2007). Adv. Space Res. 46, 257–274 (2010b). doi:10.1016/j.asr.2010.03.026
D. Pancheva, P. Mukhtarov, Strong evidence for the tidal control on the longitudinal structure of the ionospheric F-region. Geophys. Res. Lett. 37, L14105 (2010). doi:10.1029/2010GL044039
D. Pancheva, P. Mukhtarov, Atmospheric tides and planetary waves: recent progress based on SABER/TIMED, in IAGA Special Sopron Book Series 2, Aeronomy of the Earth’s Atmosphere and Ionosphere, ed. by M. Abdu, D. Pancheva (Springer, Berlin, 2011), pp. 19–56, doi:10.1007/978-94-007-0326-1
N.M. Pedatella, J.M. Forbes, J. Oberheide, Intra-annual variability of the low-latitude ionosphere due to nonmigrating tides. Geophys. Res. Lett. 35, L18104 (2008). doi:10.1029/2008GL035332
L. Perrone, A.V. Mikhailov, L.P. Korsunova, FORMOSAT-3/COSMIC E region observations and daytime f o E at middle latitudes. J. Geophys. Res. 116, A06307 (2011). doi:10.1029/2010JA016411
S.M. Radicella, R. Leitinger, The evolution of the DGR approach to model electron density profiles. Adv. Space Res. 27(1), 35–40 (2001)
K. Rawer, in Meteorological and Astronomical Influences on Radio Wave Propagation, ed. by B. Landmark (Oxford, Pergamon Press, 1963), pp. 221–250
K. Rawer (ed.), Encyclopedia of Physics, Geophysics III, Part VII (Springer, Berlin, 1984), pp. 389–391
E.E. Remsberg, B.T. Marshall, M. García-Comas, D. Krueger, G.S. Lingenfelser, J. Martin-Torres, M.G. Mlynczak, J.M. Russell, A.K. Smith, Y. Zhao, C. Brown, L.L. Gordley, M.J. Lopez-Gonzales, M. Lopez-Puertas, C.-Y. She, M.J. Taylor, R.E. Thompson, Assessment of the quality of the Version 1.07 temperature-versus-pressure profiles of the middle atmosphere from TIMED/SABER. J. Geophys. Res. 113, D17101 (2008). doi:10.1029/2008JD0100113
Z. Ren, W. Wan, L. Liu, B. Zhao, Y. Wei, X. Yue, R.A. Heelis, Longitudinal variations of electron temperature and total ion density in the sunset equatorial topside ionosphere. Geophys. Res. Lett. 35, L05108 (2008). doi:10.1029/2007GL032998
Z. Ren, W. Wan, L. Liu, J. Xiong, Intra-annual variation of wavenumber-4 structure of vertical E×B drifts in the equatorial ionosphere seen from ROCSAT-1. J. Geophys. Res. (2009). doi:10.1029/2009JA014060
Z. Ren, W. Wan, J. Xiong, L. Liu, Simulated wavenumber 4 structure in the equatorial F region vertical plasma drifts. J. Geophys. Res. 115, A05301 (2010). doi:10.1029/2009JA014746
Z. Ren, W. Wan, L. Liu, Y. Cheng, H. Le, Equinoctial asymmetry of ionospheric vertical plasma drifts and its effect on F-region plasma density. J. Geophys. Res. 116, A02308 (2011). doi:10.1029/2010JA016081
A.D. Richmond, The ionospheric wind dynamo: effects of its coupling with different atmospheric regions, in The Upper Mesosphere and Lower Thermosphere: A Review of Experiments and Theory, ed. by R.M. Johnson, T.L. Killeen. Geophys. Monogr. Ser., vol. 87 (AGU, Washington, 1995), pp. 49–65
H. Rishbeth, I.C.F. Müller-Wodarg, L. Zou, T.J. Fuller-Rowell, G.H. Millward, R.J. Moffett, D.W. Idenden, A.D. Aylward, Annual and semiannual variations in the ionospheric F2-layer: II. Physical discussion. Ann. Geophys. 18, 945–956 (2000)
R.G. Roble, The NCAR thermosphere-ionosphere-mesosphere-electrodynamics general circulation model, in STEP Handbook on Ionospheric Models, ed. by R.W. Schunk (Utah State Univ., Logan, 1996), pp. 207–216
R.G. Roble, On the feasibility of developing a global atmospheric model extending from the ground to the exosphere, in Atmospheric Science Across the Stratopause, ed. by D.E. Siskind, S.D. Eckermann, M.E. Summers. Geophys. Monogr. Ser., vol. 123 (AGU, Washington, 2000), pp. 53–67
E. Sagawa, T.J. Immel, H.U. Frey, S.B. Mende, Longitudinal structure of the equatorial anomaly in the nighttime ionosphere observed by IMAGE/FUV. J. Geophys. Res. 110, A11302 (2005). doi:10.1029/2004JA010848
W.S. Schreiner, S.V. Sokolovskiy, C. Rocken, D.C. Hunt, Analysis and validation of GPS/MET radio occultation data in the ionosphere. Radio Sci. 34(4), 949–966 (1999)
S.M. Stankov, N. Jakowski, S. Heise, P. Muhtarov, I. Kutiev, R. Warnant, A new method for reconstruction of the vertical electron density distribution in the upper ionosphere and plasmosphere. J. Geophys. Res. 108(A5), 1164 (2003). doi:10.1029/2002JA009570
G. Thuillier, J.R.H. Wiens, G.G. Shepherd, R.G. Roble, Photochemistry and dynamics in 566 thermospheric intertropical arcs measure by the WIND imaging interferometer on board UARS: 567 A comparison with TIE-GCM simulations. J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys. 64, 405–415 (2002)
W. Wan, L. Liu, X. Pi, M.-L. Zhang, B. Ning, J. Xiong, F. Ding, Wavenumber-4 patterns of the total electron content over the low latitude ionosphere. Geophys. Res. Lett. 35, L12104 (2008). doi:10.1029/2008GL033755
K.H. West, R.A. Heelis, Longitude variations in ion composition in the morning and evening 574 topside equatorial ionosphere near solar minimum. J. Geophys. Res. 101, 7951–7960 (1996)
C.R. Williams, S.K. Avery, Diurnal nonmigrating tidal oscillations forced by deep convective clouds. J. Geophys. Res. 101, 4079–4091 (1996)
J. Xu, A.K. Smith, H.-L. Liu, W. Yuan, Q. Wu, G. Jiang, M.G. Mlynczak, J.M. Russell III, S.J. Franke, Seasonal and quasi-biennial variations in the migrating diurnal tide observed by Thermosphere, Ionosphere, Mesosphere, Energetics and Dynamics (TIMED). J. Geophys. Res. 114, D13107 (2009). doi:10.1029/2007JD011298
X. Zhang, J.M. Forbes, M.E. Hagan, J.M. Russell III, S.E. Palo, C.J. Mertens, M.G. Mlynczak, Monthly tidal temperatures 20–120 km from TIMED/SABER. J. Geophys. Res. 111, A10S08 (2006). doi:10.1029/2005JA011504
X. Zhang, J.M. Forbes, M.E. Hagan, Longitudinal variation of tides in the MLT region: 2. Relative effects of solar radiative and latent heating. J. Geophys. Res. 115, A06317 (2010). doi:10.1029/2009JA014898
X. Yue, W.S. Schreiner, J. Lei, S.V. Sokolovsky, C. Rocken, D.C. Hunt, Y.-H. Kuo, Error analysis of Abel retrieved electron density profiles from radio occultation measurements. Ann. Geophys. 28, 217–222 (2010)
Acknowledgement
We are grateful to the COSMIC and SABER teams for the access to the data respectively on http://cosmic-io.cosmic.ucar.edu/cdaac/ and http://saber.gats-inc.com.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Pancheva, D., Mukhtarov, P. Global Response of the Ionosphere to Atmospheric Tides Forced from Below: Recent Progress Based on Satellite Measurements. Space Sci Rev 168, 175–209 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-011-9837-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-011-9837-1