Abstract
This paper describes an action research study where the researcher developed and tested an alternative business requirements elicitation approach that enables reflection on business intelligence business requirements from a social/organisational perspective and, accordingly, surfaces user-centric requirements that support development of systems that are technically good and effectuate organisational improvement. It is based on critical systems heuristics, a framework that facilitates participative discourse to surface contributing and consequential factors of a planned social system, i.e. relevant sources of motivation; expertise; inflicting and controlling boundaries; and sources of moral and political justification acting as guardians for all that will be impacted upon by the adjusted social reality caused by the new system. Such an approach is valuable to developers of business intelligence systems; it complements traditional requirements gathering approaches. Present-day organisations require efficacious decision-making capabilities to succeed—business intelligence systems enable efficacious decisions. However, business intelligence systems often fail, at great expenses to organisations. They fail due to social/organisational infeasibility, rather than technical insufficiency; they fail when developers lack adequate understanding of users’ business requirements. Appropriate business requirement specifications entail more than definitions of functional, non-functional and technical attributes of new systems. Business requirements must also capture the social/organisational context of a system, i.e. the impact that it will inevitably have on users and the organisational environment, so as to ensure that it ultimately bring about improvement. The approach developed in this study enables elicitation of user-centric business requirements.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Avison D, Fitzgerald G (2006) Information systems development: methodologies, techniques & tools. McGraw-Hill, London
Baskerville RL (1999) Investigating information systems with action research. Commun Assoc Inf Syst 2:1–32
Checkland P (2011) Autobiographical retrospectives: learning your way to 'action to improve' - the development of soft systems thinking and soft systems methodology. Int J Gen Syst 40:487–512. https://doi.org/10.1080/03081079.2011.571437
Checkland P, Holwell S (1998) Information, systems, and information systems: making sense of the field. Wiley, Chichester
Checkland P, Scholes J (1990) Soft systems methodology in action. Wiley, Chichester
Clegg B, Shaw D (2008) Using process-oriented holonic (PrOH) modelling to increase understanding of information systems. Inf Syst J 18:447–477. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2575.2008.00308.x
Company (2014a) Business requirements specification template. Unpublished internal document
Company (2014b) Detailed business process. Unpublished internal document
De Leon L, Rafferty PD, Herschel R (2012) Replacing the annual budget with business intelligence driver-based forecasts. Intell Inf Manag 4:6–12
Delanty G (2011) Varieties of critique in sociological theory and their methodological implications for social research. Ir J Sociol 19:68–92
Dresner Advisory Services L (2012) Wisdom of the Crowd™ Business Intelligence Market Study (R) www.yellowfinbi.com/Document.i4?DocumentId=159663. Accessed 15 May 2014
Ezell B, Crowther K (2007) Philosophical issues and their implications for the systems architect. Found Sci 12:269–276. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10699-007-9108-5
Flood RL, Jackson MC (1991) Creative problem solving: Total systems intervention. Wiley, Chichester
Gardner SR (1998) Building the data warehouse. Commun ACM 41:52–60
Gartner (2011) Business intelligence adoption trends, 2011. http://my.gartner.com/portal/server.pt?open=512&objID=256&mode=2&PageID=2350940&ref=WorkGroupWidgetContent&resId=1852916. Accessed 15 May 2013
Gartner (2013) Gartner says business intelligence/analytics is top area for CFO technology investment through 2014. http://www.gartner.com/newsroom/id/2488616. Accessed 6 November 2013
Green R, Mazzuchi T, Sarkani S (2010) Communication and quality in distributed agile development: an empirical case study. World Acad Sci Eng Technol 61:322–328
Hwang MI, Hongjiang X (2007) The effect of implementation factors on data warehousing success: an exploratory study. J Inf Inf Technol Organ 2:1–14
Inmon B (2005) World-class business intelligence. DM Rev 15:60–61
Inmon B (2006) DW 2.0 DM Review 16:8–25
Inmon WH, Imhoff C, Sousa R (2001) Corporate information factory. Wiley, New York
Işik Ö, Jones MC, Sidorova A (2013) Business intelligence success: the roles of BI capabilities and decision environments. Inf Manag 50:13–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.im.2012.12.001
Kimball R, Ross M (2010) The Kimball group reader: relentlessly practical tools for data warehousing and business intelligence. Wiley, Indianapolis
Koelsch G (2016) Requirements writing for system engineering. Apress. Distributed to the Book trade worldwide by Springer, New York, p 2016
Leffingwell D (1997) Understanding User Needs. Softw Dev 5:51–55
Liautaud B, Hammond M (2001) E-business intelligence: turning information into knowledge into profit. McGraw-Hill, New York
Linstedt D (2002) Method and system of data warehousing and building business intelligence using a data storage model
MacCormack A (2001) Product-development practices that work: how internet companies build software. MIT Sloan Manag Rev 42:75–84
Maté A, Trujillo J, Franch X (2014) Adding semantic modules to improve goal-oriented analysis of data warehouses using I-star. J Syst Softw 88:102–111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jss.2013.10.011
Miles MB, Huberman AM, Saldana J (1984) Qualitative data analysis: a sourcebook. Hills, Beverly
Mingers J (1980) Towards an appropriate social theory for applied systems thinking: critical theory and soft systems methodology. J Appl Syst Anal 7:41–50
Naur P, Randell B (eds) (1969) Software Engineering: Report on a Conference, Garmisch, Germany. Scientific Affairs Division, NATO, Brussels
Newman WM, Lamming MG (1995) Interactive system design. Addison-Wesley, Essex
Oates BJ (2006) Researching information systems and computing. SAGE, London and Thousand Oaks 2006
Popovič A, Jaklič J, Hackney R, Coelho PS (2012) Towards business intelligence systems success: effects of maturity and culture on analytical decision making. Decis Support Syst 54:729–739. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dss.2012.08.017
Richardson H, Robinson B (2007) The mysterious case of the missing paradigm: a review of critical information systems research 1991–2001. Inf Syst J 17:251–270. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2575.2007.00230.x
Sawyer P, Sommerville I, Viller S (1997) Requirements process improvement through the phased introduction of good practice. Softw Process: Improve Pract 3:19–34
Shukla AK, Saxena A (2013) Which model is best for the software project "a comparative analysis of software engineering models". Int J Comput Appl 76:18–22
Sommerville I (1996) Software process models ACM. Comput Surv 28:263–271
Sommerville I (2011) Software engineering, 9th edn. Addison-Wesley, New York
Stair RM, Reynolds G (2008) Principles of business information systems. Thomson Learning
Thorne S (2000) Data analysis in qualitative research. Evid Based Nurs 3:68–70. https://doi.org/10.1136/ebn.3.3.68
Ulrich W (1983) Critical heuristics of social planning. Haupt, Bern
Ulrich W (1998) Systems thinking as if people mattered: critical systems thininking for citizens and managers. University of Lincolnshire and Humberside, Lincoln School of Management
Ulrich W (2003) Beyond methodology choice: critical systems thinking as critically systemic discourse. J Oper Res Soc 54:325–342. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jors.2601518
Ulrich W (2005) A brief introduction to critical systems heuristics (CSH). http://wulrich.com/downloads/ulrich_2005f.pdf. Accessed 24 Feb 2014
Ulrich W (2013) Critical systems thinking. In: Gass SI, Fu MC (eds) Encyclopedia of operations research and management science. Springer, New York, pp 314–326
Venter C, Goede R (2017) The use of critical systems heuristics to surface and reconcile Users' conflicting visions for a business intelligence. System. Syst Pract Action Res 30:407–432. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11213-016-9401-8
Yeoh W, Koronios A (2010) Critical success factors for business intelligence systems. J Comput Inf Syst 50:23–32
Yeoh W, Popovič A (2016) Extending the understanding of critical success factors for implementing business intelligence systems. J Assoc Inf Sci Technol 67:134–147. https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.23366
Zhang Y, Wildemuth BM (2016) Qualitative analysis of content. Applications of social research methods to questions in information and library science
Acknowledgements
This paper is based on a portion of the author’s PhD study that was done under supervision of Prof R Goede of the North-West University, Vanderbijlpark, South Africa.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Venter, C. A Critical Systems Approach to Elicit User-Centric Business Intelligence Business Requirements. Syst Pract Action Res 32, 481–500 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11213-018-9468-5
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11213-018-9468-5