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An Analysis of the Relative Importance of Components in Measuring Community Wellbeing: Perspectives of Citizens, Public Officials, and Experts

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Abstract

Governments are showing a growing interest in community wellbeing and its measurement. While there have been numerous efforts to measure community wellbeing, current measurement systems are limited as they tend to adopt a narrow perspective of community wellbeing factors based on a top-down fashion. The purpose of this study is to empirically test the differences among citizens, public officials, and experts in relative importance of community wellbeing factors. Data were collected through a binary comparison survey that asked respondents to compare the relative importance of community wellbeing factors on a 9 point scale. We used the Analytic Hierarchy Process for analysis and the results show that citizens, public officials, and experts give different priorities to community wellbeing factors. In decreasing order of importance, citizens and public officials both give the highest priority to physical health, household income, and employment while experts chose employment, household income, and physical health. Furthermore, relative importance rankings differed among citizens depending on age, gender, and years of community involvement. These findings indicate that current community wellbeing measurements that fail to acknowledge different weighting schemes may be biased. We suggest the need for a deliberative model of community wellbeing measurement.

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Notes

  1. We use the terms happiness, quality of life, and wellbeing without distinction here to refer to an increasing attention to people's lives, above and beyond aggregate economic growth, from the public sector. To be clear, this is not to imply that these terms are or should be used synonymously. For a more in-depth discussion of distinctions among these terms see Raibley (2012).

  2. We consulted the following sources for literature review: Kim and Lee (2013), Land et al. (2012), Phillips (2005), Redefining Progress (2006), Sirgy et al. (2004), (2006), (2007), (2009), (2011), (2013). The list was finalized at the 2012 International Forum on Community Wellbeing, Seoul, South Korea.

  3. Consistency ratio (CR) is a measure of how consistent an individual is in his or her response. For example, if a respondent gives a higher score to choice A than B, and a higher score to choice B than C, he should also give a higher score to choice A than C. A smaller CR value indicates greater consistency. CR is calculated by dividing the consistency index (CI) by the random index RI). CI = (λmax − n)/(n − 1) where λmax is the largest eigenvalue of the pair wise comparison matrix and n is the number of items being compared. RI is the average value of CI for randomly generated pair wise comparison matrices.

  4. Several studies have pointed to the structural mismatch within the labor market; high supply of workers with higher education degrees who desire positions in large corporations (e.g. Samsung, LG) and high demand in blue collar or smaller firms (see Fackler 2009). According to Korea's Economic Activity Census, youth unemployment rate was 9.1 % in February 2013. While this is a relatively low youth unemployment rate compared to other OECD countries (2012 average unemployment rate for 15–24 year olds: 16.3 %), they are considered high compared to past youth unemployment rates in Korea which were steady around 5 % in the 1990s. Youth unemployment also a big issue across the OECD countries (see The Economist 2013; Inman 2013).

  5. South Korea has a large private tutoring market where most students depend on private tutors for high performance on tests and college admissions, rather than the public education system (see Crott 2013; Ripley 2013).

  6. Female labor force participation rates remain low in Korea. According to the Korea Economic Activity Survey, the 2012 labor force participation rate was 49.9 % for females above age 15. This rate is significantly lower than the OECD average of 70.7 % (2010, females age 15–64).

  7. In Korea, multicultural families is a term used to refer to multiracial and/or multiethnic families. The majority of such families are made up of a Korean husband and a non-Korean wife from China or Vietnam. These families have been identified with high rates of domestic violence and social exclusion.

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Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea Grant funded by the Korean Government (NRF-2013S1A3A2054622).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of City and Regional Planning, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA

    Yunji Kim

  2. Department of Lifelong Education, Soongsil University, Sangdo-dong, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, 156-743, Korea

    Youngwha Kee

  3. Graduate School of Public Administration, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 151-742, Korea

    Seung Jong Lee

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  1. Yunji Kim
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Correspondence to Youngwha Kee.

Appendices

All questionnaires were written in Korean. This is a sample of questionnaire distributed to citizens. Questionnaires for public officials and experts were identical to the citizen version except for the last question. For public officials and experts, this question was replaced with a question asking for years of work experience as a public official and experience as an expert, respectively.

Appendix 1: Sample Questionnaire

All questionnaires were written in Korean. This is a sample of questionnaire distributed to citizens. Questionnaires for public officials and experts were identical to the citizen version except for the last question. For public officials and experts, this question was replaced with a question asking for years of work experience as a public official and experience as an expert, respectively.

1.1 Survey of Community Wellbeing Factors

The purpose of this survey is to measure the relative importance that local experts such as yourself assign to various factors that relate to local quality of life, life satisfaction, and happiness.

Please examine each paired item and tell us the relative importance of a single item in comparison to its corresponding item. The details and examples of each item can be found on the right-hand side of the answer box. We hope these explanations will be helpful in answering this survey.

Your answer will require the following steps:

  1. 1.

    With the left-hand item as reference, assess its relative importance in comparison to the right-hand item.

  2. 2.

    Mark the level or intensity of importance on the side (left or right) that is more important.

Example

With household income as the reference, compare how important employment is for community wellbeing. If household income is more important, mark the box that corresponds to the level of importance assigned to household income, on the left-hand side of the scale.

figure a
figure b

Appendix 2: Supplementary Document to Questionnaire

2.1 Supplementary Document

The purpose of this survey is to measure the relative importance that local experts such as yourself assign to various factors that relate to local quality of life, life satisfaction, and happiness. We have identified three broad domains of local quality of life and various factors for each domain. Please tell us the relative importance of each domain as well as the factors within each domain. We have provided the example indicators of each domain and factor below to assist your evaluation.

  1. 1.

    Examples of socioeconomic factors: household income, economic activity, education, work-life balance, health, etc.

    1. (1)

      Example indicators of household income: measure of local community’s income level using average monthly household income, local tax receipt, homeowner rate, etc.

    2. (2)

      Example indicators of employment: measure of local economic activity rate using employment rate and/or unemployment.

    3. (3)

      Example indicators of lifelong education: measure of community lifelong education level using lifelong education participation rate, culture and arts activity participation rate, etc.

    4. (4)

      Example indicators of leisure: measure of work and life balance using number of leisure facilities, culture and arts facilities, etc.

    5. (5)

      Example indicators of physical health: measure of community health level using medical expenditure per capita, obesity rates, smoking rates, drinking rates, chronic illness rates, etc.

  2. 2.

    Examples of environmental factors: quality of living space, quality of public transportation, air pollution level, soil quality, household waste, energy, etc.

    1. (1)

      Example indicators of green space: measure of living environment conditions using ratio of green space, noise levels, etc.

    2. (2)

      Example indicators of transportation network: measure of accessibility to community using rate of public transportation use, public transportation accessibility rates, etc.

    3. (3)

      Example indicators of air quality: measure of natural environmental quality using green house gas quantity, smog levels, soil pollution rate, waste emission level, etc.

    4. (4)

      Example indicators of energy supply: measure of energy sustainability using water supply rates, gas supply rate, petroleum supply rate, electricity supply rate, natural gas supply rate, etc.

  3. 3.

    Examples of political factors: local social exchange (participation), social cohesion (cultural diversity), politics (corruption, local public administration, participation), etc.

    1. (1)

      Example indicators of local community participation: measure of local communication and exchange using volunteer rates, use of local community centers, etc.

    2. (2)

      Example indicators of social services: measure of local social safety net and support using rate of public assistance income recipients, number of facilities for elderly, number of centers for multicultural families,Footnote 8 etc.

    3. (3)

      Example indicators of local public administration: measure of local public administration using number of residents per local government employee, local election voting rates, response time to address civil complaints, public organization integrity levels, etc.

    4. (4)

      Example indicators of public safety: measure of local safety using number of residents per police officer, number of residents per firefighter, performance rates of emergency and rescue services, crime rates, etc.

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Kim, Y., Kee, Y. & Lee, S.J. An Analysis of the Relative Importance of Components in Measuring Community Wellbeing: Perspectives of Citizens, Public Officials, and Experts. Soc Indic Res 121, 345–369 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-014-0652-4

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