Abstract
In this paper we present standardized measures of tenth grade students’ knowledge, attitudes and behaviours concerning sustainable development as those concepts are understood in the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, and we test the hypothesis that knowledge and favourable attitudes toward SD lead to favourable behaviours. Using a fairly representative random sample of 1,551 tenth grade students from the province of Manitoba, Canada, we crafted 3 indexes. There is a 20-item Index of Knowledge of SD with a good Cronbach alpha = 0.89, a 15-item Index of Attitudes Favourable Toward SD with alpha = 0.84 and a 15-item Index of Behaviours Favourable Toward SD with an alpha = 0.83. About 21% of the variation in our Behaviours Index scores could be accounted for by our Knowledge Index and Attitudes Index scores.
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References
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Acknowledgments
This project was supported through the designated grant portion of the Government of Manitoba’s support for IISD, in addition to the province’s core institutional support to the Institute. We are grateful for the support and collaboration with Manitoba Education, and would like to thank all the teachers and administrators who helped us undertake this survey and especially all the students who took the time to complete our questionnaire. As well, we benefited from suggestions by Judith Tobin and Alcyone Vasconcelos on the fourth draft of the paper.
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An earlier version of this paper was circulated on the IISD website.
Appendices
Appendix 1: Summary for Student Sustainable Development Survey, 2010 Valid Answers (1–5) in %’s
1.1 Information
In the 1987 United Nations report on Environment and Development, sustainable development (SD) was described as “development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. We are interested in your understanding of the meaning of sustainable development, from what you have learned at school and from all other sources.
1.2 Instructions
For each sentence below in the space provided, please indicate with an appropriate number whether you strongly agree (1), agree (2), are neutral (3), disagree (4) or strongly disagree (5) with it. If you do not have an opinion, write (6) or do not understand the question, write (7).
Section A
Sentence | 1–7 |
|---|---|
1. Economic development is necessary for sustainable development (SD) | |
2. Improving people’s opportunities for long and healthy lives contributes to SD | |
3. Protecting the environment is necessary for SD | |
4. A culture of peace where people settle conflicts by discussion is necessary for SD | |
5. Human actions are contributing to changes in our atmosphere and climate systems | |
6. SD requires individuals to reduce all kinds of waste | |
7. Good citizenship is necessary for SD | |
8. SD is not dependent on gender equality | |
9. The elimination of poverty is necessary for SD | |
10. SD requires access to good quality education for everyone | |
11. SD requires businesses to behave responsibly to their employees, customers and suppliers | |
12. Conservation of fresh water is necessary for SD | |
13. ‘Maintaining biodiversity’ means maintaining the number and variety of living organisms. This is necessary for SD | |
14. Respect for cultural diversity is necessary for SD | |
15. SD results in fair distribution of goods and services to all people around the world | |
16. SD requires respect for human rights | |
17. SD requires shifting to the use of renewable resources as much as possible | |
18. SD requires achieving the United Nations’ Millennium Development Goals | |
19. SD requires people to learn new things throughout their lives | |
20. SD requires people to reflect on what it means to improve the quality of life | |
21. Cell phone production and usage does not consume a lot of resources | |
22. SD requires that people understand how the economy works | |
23. I have taken a course in which sustainable development was discussed | |
24. SD allows the environment to be radically altered in order to create/maintain jobs |
Section A Summary: [NOTE: Mean calculations are not reverse calculated here]
Sentence | N | M | 1 Strongly agree (%) | 2 Agree (%) | 3 Neutral (%) | 4 Disagree (%) | 5 Strongly disagree (%) | 6 Don’t know | 7 Don’t Underst. +missing |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 1,293 | 2.13 | 18.3 | 56.5 | 19.8 | 4.0 | 1.3 | 96 | 162 |
2 | 1,400 | 2.04 | 23.8 | 54.1 | 17.1 | 3.9 | 1.1 | 65 | 86 |
3 | 1,466 | 1.71 | 46.7 | 39.6 | 11.2 | 1.4 | 1.1 | 32 | 53 |
4 | 1,379 | 2.26 | 22.0 | 43.5 | 24.1 | 7.5 | 2.8 | 86 | 86 |
5 | 1,470 | 1.90 | 42.4 | 36.1 | 14.0 | 4.0 | 3.5 | 40 | 41 |
6 | 1,417 | 2.06 | 28.1 | 46.4 | 18.8 | 4.5 | 2.2 | 59 | 75 |
7 | 1,440 | 2.25 | 21.0 | 45.2 | 23.5 | 8.0 | 2.2 | 52 | 59 |
8 | 1,336 | 2.52 | 24.6 | 32.0 | 19.2 | 14.9 | 9.3 | 103 | 112 |
9 | 1,362 | 2.37 | 18.7 | 43.6 | 22.8 | 11.7 | 3.2 | 120 | 69 |
10 | 1,437 | 2.07 | 26.8 | 48.3 | 17.5 | 5.8 | 1.7 | 55 | 59 |
11 | 1,377 | 2.17 | 22.9 | 47.7 | 21.4 | 5.7 | 2.3 | 92 | 82 |
12 | 1,451 | 1.76 | 44.1 | 40.4 | 12.0 | 2.5 | 1.0 | 43 | 57 |
13 | 1,276 | 1.99 | 32.7 | 42.9 | 19.4 | 3.2 | 1.8 | 116 | 159 |
14 | 1,409 | 2.23 | 24.1 | 42.9 | 22.1 | 7.9 | 3.1 | 71 | 71 |
15 | 1,446 | 2.28 | 18.1 | 48.6 | 22.3 | 8.7 | 2.2 | 88 | +17 |
16 | 1,434 | 2.01 | 32.6 | 43.4 | 16.2 | 5.4 | 2.3 | 52 | 65 |
17 | 1,384 | 1.94 | 34.3 | 43.4 | 17.7 | 3.3 | 1.3 | 68 | 99 |
18 | 976 | 2.40 | 14.4 | 43.0 | 33.4 | 6.3 | 2.9 | 314 | 261 |
19 | 1,406 | 2.24 | 18.6 | 49.6 | 23.3 | 6.7 | 1.8 | 76 | 69 |
20 | 1,364 | 2.21 | 18.2 | 50.5 | 25.2 | 4.5 | 1.5 | 99 | 88 |
21 | 1,262 | 3.28 | 7.5 | 19.8 | 25.5 | 31.3 | 15.8 | 216 | 72 + 1 |
22 | 1,402 | 2.37 | 13.3 | 50.0 | 25.6 | 8.5 | 2.6 | 81 | 68 |
23 | 1,289 | 2.57 | 18.1 | 39.3 | 18.3 | 15.8 | 8.5 | 181 | 81 |
24 | 1,235 | 2.79 | 10.0 | 35.2 | 29.6 | 15.7 | 9.4 | 170 | 146 |
Section B: Again, for each sentence below in the space provided, please indicate with an appropriate number whether you strongly agree (1), agree (2), are neutral (3), disagree (4) or strongly disagree (5) with it. If you do not have an opinion, write (6) or do not understand the question, write (7)
Sentence | 1–7 |
|---|---|
1. Every person should receive education that teaches the knowledge, values and skills necessary for sustainable living in a community | |
2. The present generation should make sure that the next generation can live in communities that are at least as healthy as those that exist today | |
3. Manufacturers should discourage the use of disposables | |
4. As long as resources are available, using more than we need now does not threaten the health and welfare of future generations | |
5. We don’t need stricter laws and regulations to protect the environment | |
6. It is important to find ways to reduce poverty | |
7. SD will not be possible until wealthier nations stop exploiting workers in poorer nations | |
8. Understanding and addressing the problems of climate change is not important | |
9. Use of fuel-efficient vehicles should be encouraged by governments | |
10. Governments should adopt SD as a national priority | |
11. Citizens should be well-informed and actively participate in democratic processes like voting | |
12. People who pollute our land, air or water should pay for damage done to communities and the environment | |
13. It is possible to protect the environment and create jobs even when the economy is doing poorly | |
14. Males and females should have equal access to all kinds of education and employment | |
15. It is useful to estimate the dollar value of the services that the ecosystem provides to us | |
16. It is alright to use as much water as we want, as long as it is available | |
17. Household tasks should be equally shared among members of the household regardless of gender | |
18. I believe that the household tasks in my home should be equally shared among family members regardless of gender |
Section B: Summary: [NOTE: Mean calculations are not reverse calculated here]
Sentence | N | M | 1 Strongly agree (%) | 2 Agree (%) | 3 Neutral (%) | 4 Disagree (%) | 5 Strongly disagree (%) | 6 Don’t know | 7 Don’t Underst. +missing |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 1,440 | 1.80 | 39.8 | 44.9 | 11.7 | 2.5 | 1.2 | 35 | 36 + 40 |
2 | 1,435 | 1.84 | 38.3 | 45.2 | 12.5 | 2.6 | 1.5 | 36 | 40 + 40 |
3 | 1,411 | 2.26 | 23.2 | 41.7 | 24.3 | 7.7 | 3.2 | 100 | +40 |
4 | 1,356 | 3.71 | 6.5 | 16.7 | 15.3 | 22.1 | 39.4 | 82 | 73 + 40 |
5 | 1,406 | 3.42 | 10.2 | 17.1 | 18.6 | 29.0 | 25.0 | 58 | 47 + 40 |
6 | 1,422 | 1.87 | 36.4 | 46.4 | 12.9 | 2.2 | 2.1 | 45 | 44 + 40 |
7 | 1,236 | 2.38 | 19.9 | 40.4 | 25.5 | 9.9 | 4.4 | 162 | 112 + 41 |
8 | 1,393 | 3.72 | 6.0 | 14.3 | 15.6 | 29.4 | 34.7 | 61 | 57 + 40 |
9 | 1,402 | 2.10 | 33.7 | 37.6 | 18.2 | 6.5 | 4.1 | 66 | 43 + 40 |
10 | 1,302 | 2.25 | 21.9 | 42.9 | 26.4 | 5.5 | 3.3 | 129 | 79 + 41 |
11 | 1,366 | 2.21 | 23.0 | 44.1 | 24.8 | 5.3 | 2.9 | 81 | 64 + 40 |
12 | 1,392 | 2.40 | 24.4 | 34.1 | 25.1 | 10.3 | 6.1 | 80 | 39 + 40 |
13 | 1,328 | 2.28 | 19.0 | 48.1 | 22.0 | 8.2 | 2.7 | 131 | 52 + 40 |
14 | 1,441 | 1.67 | 56.9 | 26.7 | 11.0 | 2.9 | 2.4 | 31 | 39 + 40 |
15 | 1,101 | 2.43 | 13.0 | 44.1 | 33.2 | 6.0 | 3.7 | 215 | 195 + 40 |
16 | 1,420 | 3.60 | 6.5 | 16.1 | 18.9 | 28.0 | 30.4 | 54 | 37 + 40 |
17 | 1,403 | 2.14 | 31.4 | 39.1 | 18.7 | 5.8 | 5.0 | 56 | 52 + 40 |
18 | 1,416 | 2.16 | 30.9 | 38.3 | 19.4 | 6.9 | 4.5 | 51 | 44 + 40 |
Section C: Using the same 5-point (plus 2) scale from Sections A and B, what is your level of agreement with the following possible descriptions of your own behaviour?
Sentence | 1–7 |
|---|---|
1. I choose to walk or bike to places instead of using a motor vehicle | |
2. I never waste water | |
3. At home I recycle as much as I can | |
4. When I use the computer or phone for social networking or gaming I always treat everyone as respectfully as I would in person | |
5. I make lifestyle choices that are not good for my health | |
6. I try to do things that will help people living in poverty | |
7. I pick up litter when I see it in a park or a natural area | |
8. I do not think about how I might be damaging the natural environment | |
9. I treat people respectfully, except those who have racial backgrounds different from my own | |
10. Even when I have the option, I do not always compost | |
11. I try to avoid buying goods from companies with poor track records on caring for their workers or the environment | |
12. I have changed my personal lifestyle to reduce waste | |
13. I participate in democratic activities related to student life at my school | |
14. I volunteer to work with local charities or environmental groups | |
15. I usually examine problems from many points of view | |
16. I have thought quite a bit about how to live sustainably | |
17. I give men and women, boys and girls the same level of respect |
Section C Summary : [NOTE: Mean calculations are not reverse calculated here]
Sentence | N | M | 1 Strongly agree (%) | 2 Agree (%) | 3 Neutral (%) | 4 Disagree (%) | 5 Strongly disagree (%) | 6 Don’t know | 7 Don’t Underst. +missing |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 1,430 | 2.66 | 17.5 | 32.0 | 25.7 | 16.6 | 8.3 | 28 | 30 + 63 |
2 | 1,423 | 3.31 | 5.4 | 16.9 | 29.1 | 38.8 | 9.8 | 31 | 34 + 63 |
3 | 1,430 | 2.51 | 22.2 | 35.4 | 19.9 | 14.5 | 8.0 | 28 | 30 + 63 |
4 | 1,423 | 2.67 | 19.8 | 34.2 | 18.3 | 14.4 | 13.2 | 31 | 34 + 63 |
5 | 1,425 | 2.80 | 11.9 | 32.0 | 28.9 | 18.9 | 8.3 | 35 | 28 + 63 |
6 | 1,357 | 2.81 | 7.4 | 31.6 | 39.0 | 16.6 | 5.5 | 89 | 42 + 63 |
7 | 1,403 | 3.16 | 7.2 | 21.4 | 31.6 | 27.8 | 12.0 | 41 | 44 + 63 |
8 | 1,404 | 3.22 | 6.6 | 21.4 | 27.4 | 32.4 | 12.2 | 49 | 35 + 63 |
9 | 1,398 | 3.74 | 9.8 | 13.5 | 13.4 | 19.2 | 44.1 | 28 | 62 + 63 |
10 | 1,294 | 2.69 | 11.2 | 37.6 | 28.7 | 15.5 | 7.0 | 101 | 93 + 63 |
11 | 1,214 | 3.06 | 7.9 | 22.2 | 35.9 | 24.3 | 9.6 | 204 | 70 + 63 |
12 | 1,371 | 3.00 | 5.7 | 27.9 | 34.6 | 24.2 | 7.5 | 80 | 37 + 63 |
13 | 1,305 | 3.16 | 7.2 | 21.9 | 31.1 | 27.0 | 12.8 | 100 | 83 + 63 |
14 | 1,394 | 3.19 | 7.7 | 20.9 | 27.3 | 32.6 | 11.5 | 48 | 46 + 63 |
15 | 1,390 | 2.45 | 15.9 | 41.9 | 27.3 | 11.4 | 3.5 | 53 | 45 + 63 |
16 | 1,353 | 2.77 | 8.2 | 36.0 | 32.2 | 17.9 | 5.7 | 78 | 56 + 64 |
17 | 1,429 | 2.03 | 38.4 | 35.4 | 15.6 | 6.4 | 4.2 | 23 | 36 + 63 |
1.3 Description of Sample
The following questions are used to describe the sample of students who have taken part in this survey and for statistical purposes.
- D1:
-
Are you:—49.9% Female 50.1% Male N = 1,439
- D2:
-
Your present age:—years N = 1,440, M = 15.6 Age ranged from 14 to 32 years
- D3:
-
How would you name your cultural, ethnic or national background? (e.g., Chinese, Cree, Métis, English Canadian, Greek, etc.) N = 1,384
Percentage | Frequency | |
|---|---|---|
African | 1.7 | 24 |
American | 0.5 | 7 |
Asian | 10.1 | 140 |
Australia/Oceania | 0.1 | 2 |
Canadian | 50.9 | 705 |
European | 19.1 | 264 |
First Nations | 6.7 | 93 |
Metis | 7.7 | 106 |
Middle Eastern | 1.4 | 20 |
South American | 0.7 | 9 |
Central Am/Mexico/ | ||
Caribbean | 1.0 | 14 |
- D4:
-
What are the first 3 characters of your postal code at your residence? N = 1,355
Code | Freq | % | Code | Freq | % | Code | Freq | % |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
r0a | 47 | 3.5 | r2l | 43 | 3.2 | r3m | 15 | 1.1 |
r0b | 5 | .4 | r2m | 3 | .2 | r3n | 7 | .5 |
r0c | 212 | 15.6 | r2p | 8 | .6 | r3p | 7 | .5 |
r0g | 19 | 1.4 | r2r | 30 | 2.2 | r3r | 18 | 1.3 |
r0h | 3 | .2 | r2v | 4 | .3 | r3t | 8 | .6 |
r0j | 2 | .1 | r2w | 43 | 3.2 | r3v | 1 | .1 |
r0k | 13 | 1.0 | r2x | 17 | 1.3 | r3y | 3 | .2 |
r0m | 80 | 5.9 | r2y | 117 | 8.6 | r4h | 15 | 1.1 |
r0v | 1 | .1 | r3a | 2 | .1 | r4j | 14 | 1.0 |
r0z | 1 | .1 | r3b | 7 | .5 | r5g | 1 | .1 |
r1a | 1 | .1 | r3c | 13 | 1.0 | r5h | 1 | .1 |
r1n | 2 | .1 | r3e | 41 | 3.0 | r7a | 57 | 4.2 |
r2b | 1 | .1 | r3f | 1 | .1 | r7b | 40 | 3.0 |
r2e | 1 | .1 | r3g | 40 | 3.0 | r7c | 1 | .1 |
r2g | 2 | .1 | r3h | 1 | .1 | r7v | 1 | .1 |
r2h | 3 | .2 | r3j | 184 | 13.6 | r8n | 60 | 4.4 |
r2j | 3 | .2 | r3k | 108 | 8.0 | |||
r2k | 5 | .4 | r3l | 43 | 3.2 |
- D5:
-
What is the name of your School Division? N = 1,421
Winnipeg | Winnipeg | 24.2% | Group 60.4% | N = 858 |
St. James-Assiniboia | 36.2% | |||
Rural | Brandon | 8.5% | Group 36.3% | N = 516 |
Border land | 3.9% | |||
Evergreen | 3.8% | |||
Fort la Bosse | 1.5% | |||
Interlake | 12.3% | |||
Mountain view | 0.1% | |||
Prairie rose | 1.1% | |||
Rolling river | 1.2% | |||
Southwest horizon | 3.9% | |||
Northern/Remote | Mystery lake | 3.2% | Group 3.3% | N = 47 |
Frontier | 0.1% |
Appendix 2: Summary for Student Sustainable Development Survey, 2010 Valid and Don’t Know & Don’t Understand answers in %’s
Section A: Summary
Sentence | N | 1 Strongly agree (%) | 2 Agree (%) | 3 Neutral (%) | 4 Disagree (%) | 5 Strongly disagree (%) | 6 Don’t know (%) | 7 Don’t underst. (%) | # Miss. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 1,551 | 15.3 | 47.1 | 16.5 | 3.4 | 1.1 | 6.2 | 10.4 | |
2 | 1,551 | 21.5 | 48.9 | 15.4 | 3.5 | 1.0 | 4.2 | 5.5 | |
3 | 1,551 | 44.2 | 37.4 | 10.6 | 1.4 | 1.0 | 2.1 | 3.4 | |
4 | 1,551 | 19.5 | 38.7 | 21.5 | 6.7 | 2.5 | 5.5 | 5.5 | |
5 | 1,551 | 40.2 | 34.2 | 13.3 | 3.8 | 3.3 | 2.6 | 2.6 | |
6 | 1,551 | 25.7 | 42.4 | 17.2 | 4.1 | 2.0 | 3.8 | 4.8 | |
7 | 1,551 | 19.5 | 42.0 | 21.9 | 7.4 | 2.1 | 3.4 | 3.8 | |
8 | 1,551 | 21.1 | 27.6 | 16.6 | 12.8 | 8.0 | 6.6 | 7.2 | |
9 | 1,551 | 16.4 | 38.3 | 20.1 | 10.3 | 2.8 | 7.7 | 4.4 | |
10 | 1,551 | 24.8 | 44.7 | 16.2 | 5.4 | 1.5 | 3.5 | 3.8 | |
11 | 1,551 | 20.4 | 42.4 | 19.0 | 5.1 | 2.0 | 5.9 | 5.3 | |
12 | 1,551 | 41.3 | 37.8 | 11.2 | 2.3 | 1.0 | 2.8 | 3.7 | |
13 | 1,551 | 26.9 | 35.3 | 16.0 | 2.6 | 1.5 | 7.5 | 10.3 | |
14 | 1,551 | 21.9 | 39.0 | 20.1 | 7.2 | 2.8 | 4.6 | 4.6 | |
15 | 1,534 | 17.1 | 45.8 | 21.1 | 8.2 | 2.1 | 5.7 | – | 17 |
16 | 1,551 | 30.1 | 40.2 | 15.0 | 5.0 | 2.1 | 3.4 | 4.2 | |
17 | 1,551 | 30.6 | 38.7 | 15.8 | 3.0 | 1.2 | 4.4 | 6.4 | |
18 | 1,551 | 9.1 | 27.1 | 21.0 | 3.9 | 1.8 | 20.2 | 16.8 | |
19 | 1,551 | 16.8 | 44.9 | 21.1 | 6.1 | 1.7 | 4.9 | 4.4 | |
20 | 1,551 | 16.0 | 44.4 | 22.2 | 4.0 | 1.4 | 6.4 | 5.7 | |
21 | 1,550 | 6.1 | 16.1 | 20.8 | 25.5 | 12.9 | 13.9 | 4.6 | 1 |
22 | 1,551 | 12.1 | 45.2 | 23.1 | 7.7 | 2.3 | 5.2 | 4.4 | |
23 | 1,551 | 15.0 | 32.6 | 15.2 | 13.2 | 7.1 | 11.7 | 5.2 | |
24 | 1,551 | 8.0 | 28.0 | 23.6 | 12.5 | 7.5 | 11.0 | 9.4 |
Section B: Summary
Sentence | N | 1 Strongly agree (%) | 2 Agree (%) | 3 Neutral (%) | 4 Disagree (%) | 5 Strongly disagree (%) | 6 Don’t know (%) | 7 Don’t underst. (%) | # Miss. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 1,511 | 37.9 | 42.8 | 11.1 | 2.4 | 1.1 | 2.3 | 2.4 | 40 |
2 | 1,511 | 36.3 | 42.9 | 11.8 | 2.4 | 1.5 | 2.4 | 2.6 | 40 |
3 | 1,511 | 21.6 | 38.9 | 22.7 | 7.1 | 3.0 | 6.6 | – | 40 |
4 | 1,511 | 5.8 | 15.0 | 13.8 | 19.8 | 35.3 | 5.4 | 4.8 | 40 |
5 | 1,511 | 9.5 | 15.9 | 17.3 | 27.0 | 23.3 | 3.8 | 3.1 | 40 |
6 | 1,511 | 34.2 | 43.7 | 12.2 | 2.1 | 2.0 | 3.0 | 2.9 | 40 |
7 | 1,510 | 16.3 | 33.0 | 20.9 | 8.1 | 3.6 | 10.7 | 7.4 | 41 |
8 | 1,511 | 5.6 | 13.2 | 14.4 | 27.1 | 32.0 | 4.0 | 3.8 | 40 |
9 | 1,511 | 31.2 | 34.9 | 16.9 | 6.0 | 3.8 | 4.4 | 2.8 | 40 |
10 | 1,510 | 18.9 | 37.0 | 22.8 | 4.8 | 2.8 | 8.5 | 5.2 | 41 |
11 | 1,511 | 20.8 | 39.8 | 22.4 | 4.8 | 2.6 | 5.4 | 4.2 | 40 |
12 | 1,511 | 22.4 | 31.4 | 23.2 | 9.5 | 5.6 | 5.3 | 2.6 | 40 |
13 | 1,511 | 16.7 | 42.3 | 19.3 | 7.2 | 2.4 | 8.7 | 3.4 | 40 |
14 | 1,511 | 54.3 | 25.5 | 10.5 | 2.8 | 2.3 | 2.1 | 2.6 | 40 |
15 | 1,511 | 9.5 | 32.1 | 24.2 | 4.4 | 2.7 | 14.2 | 12.9 | 40 |
16 | 1,511 | 6.2 | 15.2 | 17.8 | 26.3 | 28.5 | 3.6 | 2.4 | 40 |
17 | 1,511 | 29.2 | 36.3 | 17.4 | 5.4 | 4.6 | 3.7 | 3.4 | 40 |
18 | 1,511 | 28.9 | 35.9 | 18.1 | 6.5 | 4.2 | 3.4 | 2.9 | 40 |
Section C: Summary
Sentence | N | 1 Strongly agree (%) | 2 Agree (%) | 3 Neutral (%) | 4 Disagree (%) | 5 Strongly disagree (%) | 6 Don’t know (%) | 7 Don’t underst. (%) | # Miss. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 1,488 | 16.8 | 30.7 | 24.7 | 15.9 | 7.9 | 1.9 | 2.0 | 63 |
2 | 1,488 | 5.2 | 16.2 | 27.8 | 37.1 | 9.3 | 2.1 | 2.3 | 63 |
3 | 1,488 | 21.4 | 34.0 | 19.1 | 13.9 | 7.7 | 1.9 | 2.0 | 63 |
4 | 1,488 | 19.0 | 32.7 | 17.5 | 13.8 | 12.6 | 2.1 | 2.3 | 63 |
5 | 1,488 | 11.4 | 30.6 | 27.7 | 18.1 | 7.9 | 2.4 | 1.9 | 63 |
6 | 1,488 | 6.7 | 28.8 | 35.6 | 15.1 | 5.0 | 6.0 | 2.8 | 63 |
7 | 1,488 | 6.8 | 20.2 | 29.8 | 26.2 | 11.3 | 2.8 | 3.0 | 63 |
8 | 1,488 | 6.3 | 20.2 | 25.9 | 30.6 | 11.5 | 3.3 | 2.4 | 63 |
9 | 1,488 | 9.2 | 12.7 | 12.6 | 18.0 | 41.4 | 1.9 | 4.2 | 63 |
10 | 1,488 | 9.7 | 32.7 | 25.0 | 13.5 | 6.0 | 6.8 | 6.3 | 63 |
11 | 1,488 | 6.5 | 18.1 | 29.3 | 19.8 | 7.9 | 13.7 | 4.7 | 63 |
12 | 1,488 | 5.2 | 25.7 | 31.9 | 22.3 | 6.9 | 5.4 | 2.5 | 63 |
13 | 1,488 | 6.3 | 19.2 | 27.3 | 23.7 | 11.2 | 6.7 | 5.6 | 63 |
14 | 1,488 | 7.3 | 19.6 | 25.5 | 30.5 | 10.8 | 3.2 | 3.1 | 63 |
15 | 1,488 | 14.9 | 39.1 | 25.5 | 10.7 | 3.2 | 3.6 | 3.0 | 63 |
16 | 1,487 | 7.5 | 32.8 | 29.3 | 16.3 | 5.2 | 5.2 | 3.8 | 64 |
17 | 1,488 | 36.9 | 34.0 | 15.0 | 6.1 | 4.0 | 1.5 | 2.4 | 63 |
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Michalos, A.C., Creech, H., Swayze, N. et al. Measuring Knowledge, Attitudes and Behaviours Concerning Sustainable Development among Tenth Grade Students in Manitoba. Soc Indic Res 106, 213–238 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-011-9809-6
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-011-9809-6