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Coconut endocarp shell ash (CESA): a versatile and waste-originated catalyst for the synthesis of tetrahydrobenzo[b]pyrans and 1, 4-dihydropyridines

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Abstract

A simple and eco-friendly protocol for the facile synthesis of tetrahydrobenzo[b]pyran and 1,4-dihydropyridine derivatives was developed using naturally sourced coconut endocarp shell ash (CESA) as a catalyst at room temperature in eco-compatible solvent system. The CESA catalyst was obtained from renewable feedstock, biodegradable waste, by simple thermal treatment on coconut endocarp shell (CESA), and the formation of its catalytic phase was characterized by DSC-TGA, FT-IR, XRD, EDX, BET, and SEM techniques. Derivatives of tetrahydrobenzo[b]pyran and 1, 4-dihydropyridine are obtained with an excellent yield, ranging from 82 to 99% in shorter reaction times. The remarkable advantages of the process presented here are that it is operationally clean, environmentally benign, and the product does not require chromatographic separation. Furthermore, the catalyst can be recovered conveniently and reused five times without significant loss of its catalytic activity.

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Acknowledgements

The authors are grateful to the Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (IICT), Hyderabad and Common Facility Center (CFC), Shivaji University Kolhapur for spectral analysis.

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  1. Synthetic Research Laboratory, PG Department of Chemistry, PDVP College, (Affiliated to Shivaji University, Kolhapur) Tasgaon, Sangli, MS, India, 416312

    Sandip P. Patil, Sachinkumar K. Shinde, Megha U. Patil & Suresh S. Patil

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Patil, S.P., Shinde, S.K., Patil, M.U. et al. Coconut endocarp shell ash (CESA): a versatile and waste-originated catalyst for the synthesis of tetrahydrobenzo[b]pyrans and 1, 4-dihydropyridines. Res Chem Intermed 48, 3589–3612 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11164-022-04770-1

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