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Marine biology of the pacific lamprey Entosphenus tridentatus

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Abstract

Pacific lamprey Entosphenus tridentatus has an anadromous life cycle that begins with larvae that filter-feed in freshwater, followed by transformation into juveniles that migrate to the ocean where they parasitize hosts, and adults that migrate into freshwater to spawn and die. The marine-phase (i.e., juvenile life stage) is important yet poorly understood, and is associated with growth opportunities to achieve maximum body size and recruitment. The four goals of this paper are to: (1) synthesize the literature to identify patterns in the marine biology of Pacific lamprey; (2) develop hypotheses to explain these patterns; (3) identify limiting factors and threats, and (4) identify research needs. We hypothesize that recruitment of adult lamprey to spawning populations is influenced by oceanographic regimes through impacts on host abundance. Three marine factors that may be limiting lamprey abundance include: (1) predation and fisheries bycatch; (2) host availability; and (3) host contaminant loads. Four potential marine-related threats to lamprey include: (1) pollution; (2) climate change; (3) unfavorable oceanographic regimes; and (4) the effects of interactions between climate and regimes. Pacific lamprey is not philopatric and the extent to which host migrations and other factors influence lamprey entry into rivers is unclear. Research is needed to fill information gaps on how, when, why, and where lamprey move, feed, and grow in the ocean. Their widespread distribution, parasitic life history, diverse hosts, and multiple predators suggest that Pacific lamprey is integrated into diverse marine ecosystems.

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Notes

  1. We define limiting factors to this species as the physical, chemical, or biological conditions of the environment that constrain the behavior, abundance, productivity, diversity, or distribution. Therefore, direct challenges to Pacific lamprey in estuaries and the Pacific Ocean include physiological stress, delayed mortality, misalignment of environmental cues with species adaptations, and instantaneous mortality via acute trauma or predation.

  2. We define threats as human-induced or natural processes or actions that may create or exacerbate limiting factors.

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Acknowledgements

The idea for this paper was generated by Josh Murauskas. The late Dr. Bill Peterson provided insights on oceanographic regime changes and salmon recruitment at a lamprey workshop that one of us (BJC), along with Dr. David Noakes, convened at the Oregon Hatchery Research Center in Alsea, Oregon, in 2013. Bill’s insights led to our creation of Fig. 4. This paper benefitted from reviews by Tom Stahl, Maggie Sommer, Mary Moser, and Rick Gustafson. Jeremy Five Crows created the image used in Fig. 1. Hiro Arakawa and Ralph Lampman provided insights to the status of Pacific lamprey in Japan. This paper benefitted from the reviews of Sergio Silva and an anonymous reviewer. References to trade names do not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. The findings and conclusions in this manuscript are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife, 28655 Highway 34, Corvallis, OR, 97333, USA

    Benjamin J. Clemens

  2. Conservation Biology Division Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, 2032 Marine Science Drive, Newport, OR, 97365, USA

    Laurie Weitkamp

  3. Auke Bay Laboratory, Alaska Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, 17101 Pt. Lena Loop Rd., Juneau, AK, 99801, USA

    Kevin Siwicke

  4. Fundy Aqua Services, Inc., 1859 Delanice Way, Nanoose Bay, BC, V9P 9B3, Canada

    Joy Wade

  5. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Columbia River Fish and Wildlife Conservation Office, 1211 SE Cardinal Court, Suite 100, Vancouver, WA, 98683, USA

    Julianne Harris

  6. Columbia River Inter-Tribal Fish Commission, 700 NE Multnomah Street, Suite 1200, Portland, OR, 97232, USA

    Jon Hess & Laurie Porter

  7. Fisheries Department, The Yurok Tribe, 190 Klamath Blvd., Klamath, CA, 95548, USA

    Keith Parker

  8. Department of Fisheries, College of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences, University of Alaska Fairbanks, 2150 Koyukuk Drive, Fairbanks, AK, 99775, USA

    Trent Sutton

  9. Russian Federal Research Institute of Fisheries and Oceanography (VNIRO), 17 V. Krasnoselskaya Street, Moscow, Russian Federation, 107140

    Alexei M. Orlov

  10. A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution Russian Academy of Sciences, 33 Leninskij Prospect, Moscow, Russian Federation, 119071

    Alexei M. Orlov

  11. Dagestan State University, 43-a Gadzhiyev Street, Makhachkala, Russian Federation, 367000

    Alexei M. Orlov

  12. Tomsk State University, 36 Lenina Street, Tomsk, Russian Federation, 634050

    Alexei M. Orlov

  13. Caspian Institute of Biological Resources, Dagestan Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 45 Gadzhiyev Street, Makhachkala, Russian Federation, 367000

    Alexei M. Orlov

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  1. Benjamin J. Clemens
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Clemens, B.J., Weitkamp, L., Siwicke, K. et al. Marine biology of the pacific lamprey Entosphenus tridentatus. Rev Fish Biol Fisheries 29, 767–788 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11160-019-09578-8

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