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Are fish early growth and condition patterns related to life-history strategies?

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Abstract

Life-history studies provide a global framework for comparison of fish species responses and trade-offs facing ecological and environmental constrains. A broad comparison among fishes’ early growth and condition traits is performed in order to determine ecological patterns of early development regarding latitudinal distribution, habitat use and life-history strategies. Based on Winemiller and Rose (1992) classification of life-history strategies, data on early growth and condition indices of 46 fish species worldwide was analysed. Available information on fishes’ early features, namely first year length percentage (relative to species maximum theoretical length), age at maturation and Fulton’s condition index (K), provided a good segregation of species by latitudinal distribution and habitat use, and evidenced the categories of the three-endpoint model. Higher larvae and juvenile growth rates and condition indices (K, mean RNA–DNA ratios and protein contents) were associated with tropical and temperate fish species that occur in complex or variable habitats (respectively coral reefs and estuaries). These species selected for the opportunistic and periodic strategies, investing highly in rapid growth in order to increase survival probability to counter high mortality rates during early stages or unstable habitat conditions. Later age at maturation, slower larvae and juvenile growth as well as lower mean condition indices were consistent with fish species from more stable or predictable environments, as polar regions and freshwater habitats, which selected for the equilibrium strategy. Nonetheless, differences in energy allocation strategies during early stages were not observed, evidencing the scarcity of available data regarding condition indices and/or the importance of integrating life-history intermediate strategies. Future research into condition indices and other physiological processes, for a broader set of species and for a wider latitudinal and habitat range including seasonal variability (particularly for species from tropical and polar regions), is essential to better understand or test current theories of species ecological patterns. The use of direct quantitative measures of young fishes’ metabolic investment and fitness constitutes a new approach for life-history studies, and should be fundamental for predicting species’ responses to acute environmental or human constrains, especially in a global climate change scenario that is expected to affect distribution and abundance of fish species worldwide.

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Acknowledgements

This study was co-funded by the European Union through the FEDER—Portuguese Fisheries Programme (MARE), as well as by the Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia. Vanessa Fonseca was funded with PhD grant (SFRH/BD/23999/2005) by Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Instituto de Oceanografia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016, Lisboa, Portugal

    V. F. Fonseca & H. N. Cabral

  2. Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016, Lisboa, Portugal

    H. N. Cabral

Authors
  1. V. F. Fonseca
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  2. H. N. Cabral
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to V. F. Fonseca.

Appendices

Appendix

List of the fish species analysed, categories assignment and respective sources of the collected data. Fish species were classified based on juvenile habitat (F—freshwater; ES—estuarine and shallow coastal waters; M—marine; C—coral reefs), climatic region (DW—deep water; P—polar ST—subtropical; T—temperate; TP—tropical) and life-history strategies (Eq—Equilibrium; Op—opportunistic; Pe—periodic).

Species

Categories

Main sources

Acipenser transmontanus Richardson, 1836

F, T, Eq

Miller and Beckman (1992), Hung et al. (1997), Froese and Pauly (2006)

Ammodytes spp.

ES, T, Op

Buckley (1984), Froese and Pauly (2006)

Anguilla japonica Temminck and Schlegel, 1847

Es, ST, Pe

Kawakami et al. (1999), Dou et al. (2003), Froese and Pauly (2006)

Anoplopoma fimbria (Pallas, 1814)

M, DW, Op

Clarke et al. (1999), Sogard and Spencer (2004), Froese and Pauly (2006)

Benthosema glaciale (Reinhardt, 1837)

M, DW, Op

Sabatés et al. (2003), Froese and Pauly (2006)

Clupea harengus Linnaeus, 1758

M, T, Op

Buckley (1984), Clemmesen (1993) Clemmesen (1994) Mathers et al. (1994), Suneetha et al. (1999), Froese and Pauly (2006)

Coregonus spp.

F, T, Pe

Steinhart and Eckmann (1992), Malzahn et al. (2003), Froese and Pauly (2006)

Diaphus kapalae Nafpaktitis, Robertson and Paxton, 1995

M, ST, Op

Suthers (1996), Rissik and Suthers (2000), Froese and Pauly (2006)

Dicentrarchus labrax (Linnaeus, 1758)

ES, ST, Pe

Mustafa et al. (1991), Folkyord et al. (1996), Froese and Pauly (2006)

Diplodus sargus (Linnaeus, 1758)

ES, ST, Pe

Lloret and Planes (2003), Froese and Pauly (2006)

Gadus morhua Linnaeus, 1758

ES, T, Pe

Buckley (1979, 1984), Suthers et al. (1992), Clemmesen and Doan (1993), Lochmann et al. (1997) Couture et al. (1998), Morais et al. (2001), Caldarone et al. (2003), Peck et al. (2003), Froese and Pauly (2006)

Gobionotothen gibberifrons (Lönnberg, 1905)

M, P, Eq

North (1998), Morales-Nin et al. (2002); Froese and Pauly (2006)

Hygophum benoiti (Cocco, 1838)

M, DW, Op

Olivar and Palomera (1994), Sabatés et al. (2003), Froese and Pauly (2006)

Kareius bicoloratus (Basilewsky, 1855)

ES, T, Pe

Malloy et al. (1996), Yamashita et al. (2003) Froese and Pauly (2006)

Lateolabrax japonicus (Cuvier, 1828)

ES, ST, Pe

Ai et al. (2004), Islam and Tanaka (2005), Froese and Pauly (2006), Islam et al. (2006)

Limanda limanda (Linnaeus, 1758)

ES, T, Pe

Gilliers et al. (2004) Froese and Pauly (2006)

Macquaria novemaculeata (Steindachner, 1866)

F, ST, Pe

Suthers et al. (1996), Froese and Pauly (2006)

Mallotus villosus (Müller, 1776)

M, P, Pe

Ferron and Leggett (1994) Elliot and Legget (1998), Froese and Pauly (2006)

Maurolicus muelleri (Gmelin, 1789)

M, DW, Op

Goodson et al. (1995), Ikeda (1996), Sabatés et al. (2003), Froese and Pauly (2006)

Melanogrammus aeglefinus (Linnaeus, 1758)

M, T, Pe

Buckley (1984), Peck et al. (2003), Caldarone (2005), Froese and Pauly (2006)

Morone saxatilis (Walbaum, 1792)

ES, T, Pe

Buckley (1984), Martin and Wright (1987), Secor and Dean (1989), Cooper (1998), Froese and Pauly (2006)

Notolepis coatsi Dollo, 1908

M, P, Eq

Morales-Nin et al. (2002), Froese and Pauly (2006)

Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum, 1792)

F, T, Pe

Ferguson and Danzmann (1990), Mathers et al. (1993), Weber et al. (2003), Froese and Pauly (2006)

Paralichthys dentatus (Linnaeus, 1766)

ES, T, Pe

Buckley (1984), Malloy and Targett (1994), Froese and Pauly (2006)

Paralichthys olivaceus (Temminck and Schlegel, 1846)

ES, ST, Pe

Fukuda et al. (2001), Gwak and Tanaka (2001), Gwak et al. (2003), Cho (2005), Froese and Pauly (2006)

Paramonacanthus otisensis Whitley, 1931

M, ST, Pe

Suthers et al. (1996), Froese and Pauly (2006)

Pimephales promelas Rafinesque, 1820

F, T, Op

Jennings (1996), Weber et al. (2003), Froese and Pauly (2006)

Pleuronectes platessa Linnaeus, 1758

ES, T, Pe

Chritensen and Korsgaard (1999), Gilliers et al. (2004), Hovenkamp (1990), Hovenkamp and Witte (1991), Paulsen and Støttrup (2004), Froese and Pauly (2006)

Pomacentrus amboinensis Bleeker, 1868

C, TP, Op

Kerrigan (1994), Kerrigan (1996), Lewis (1997), Hoey and McCormick (2004), Froese and Pauly (2006)

Pomacentrus nagasakiensis Tanaka, 1917

C, TP, Op

Kerrigan (1996), Froese and Pauly (2006)

Pomatochistus spp. and Gobius spp.

ES, ST, Op

Esteves et al. (2000), Froese and Pauly (2006)

Psetta maxima (Linnaeus, 1758)

M, T, Pe

Cunha et al. (2003), Cho et al. (2005), Imsland et al. (2001, 2002), Peron-Le Ruyet et al. (2002), Froese and Pauly (2006)

Pseudopleuronectes americanus (Walbaum, 1792)

ES, T, Pe

Buckley (1982, 1984), Mercier et al. (2004), Montgolfier et al. (2005), Froese and Pauly (2006)

Rutilus rutilus (Linnaeus, 1758)

F, T, Op

van Dijk et al.(2005), Froese and Pauly (2006)

Salvelinus alpinus (Linnaeus, 1758)

F, P, Eq

Blanar et al. (2005a, b), Miglavs and Jobling (1989a, b), Froese and Pauly (2006)

Sardina pilchardus (Walbaum, 1792)

ES, ST, Op

Chícharo (1998), Chícharo et al. (1998), Chícharo et al. (2003), Ramirez et al. (2004), Froese and Pauly (2006)

Sciaenops ocellatus (Linnaeus, 1766)

ES, ST, Pe

Westerman and Holt (1994), Rooker and Holt (1996), Rooker et al. (1997), Johnson et al. (2002), Froese and Pauly (2006)

Scomber scombrus Linnaeus, 1758

M, T, Pe

Buckley (1984), Ringuette et al. (2002), Froese and Pauly (2006)

Solea senegalensis Kaup, 1858

ES, ST, Pe

Cabral (2003), Parra and Yúfera (2001), Rueda-Jasso et al. (2004), Fonseca et al. (2006), Froese and Pauly (2006)

Solea solea (Linnaeus, 1758)

ES, ST, Pe

Richard et al. (1991), Cabral (2003), Amara and Galois (2004), Gilliers et al. (2004), Fonseca et al. (2006), Froese and Pauly (2006)

Stegastes partitus (Poey, 1868)

C, TP, Op

Booth and Hixon (1999) Hoey and McCormick (2004), Froese and Pauly (2006)

Tautoga onitis (Linnaeus, 1758)

ES, ST, Pe

Sogard et al. (1992), Steimle and Shaheen (1999), Phelan et al. (2000), Kuropat et al. (2002), Mercaldo-Allen et al. (2006), Froese and Pauly (2006)

Theragra Chalcogramma (Pallas, 1814)

M, P, Pe

Canino et al. (1991), Brodeur et al. (2000), Froese and Pauly (2006)

Thunnus maccoyii (Castelnau, 1872)

M, T, Pe

Carter et al. (1998), Froese and Pauly (2006)

Trematomus scotti (Boulenger, 1907)

M, P, Eq

Morales-Nin et al. (2002), Froese and Pauly (2006)

Upeneus tragula Richardson, 1846

C, TP, Op

McCormick and Molony (1993), McCormick and Kerrigan (1996), Froese and Pauly (2006)

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Fonseca, V.F., Cabral, H.N. Are fish early growth and condition patterns related to life-history strategies?. Rev Fish Biol Fisheries 17, 545–564 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11160-007-9054-x

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