Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

An advocacy project for multicultural education: The case of the Shiyeyi language in Botswana

  • Published:
International Review of Education Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Multicultural education respects cultural differences and affirms pluralism which students, their communities and teachers bring to the learning process. It is founded on the belief that a school curriculum which promotes the ideals of freedom, justice, equality, equity and human dignity is most likely to result in high academic achievement and quality education. In Botswana, English is the official language and medium of instruction and Setswana is the national lingua franca which is used for formal occasions in the villages and other informal settings. Any other languages spoken by unrecognised tribes are banned from use in schools or the media, including minority languages taught before independence in 1966, This paper describes the Shiyeyi Language Project, initiated by the Wayeyi tribe, which advocates for a multicultural model of education where children learn in their mother tongue and about their local culture at an early stage, then add the national language, and eventually an international language as medium of instruction. The project operates within an unfriendly political and legal context, but has achieved some results. Continued efforts, especially as supported by similar language projects, have the potential to change the situation in Botswana.

Résumé

Projet de sensibilisation à l’éducation multiculturelle : le cas de la langue shiyeyi au Botwana – L’éducation multiculturelle respecte les différences culturelles et soutient le pluralisme que les apprenants, leurs communautés et enseignants apportent dans le processus éducatif. Elle repose sur la conviction qu’un programme scolaire qui défend les idéaux de liberté, de justice, d’égalité, d’équité et de dignité humaine a le plus de chances d’engendrer des résultats universitaires élevés et une éducation de qualité. Au Botswana, l’anglais est la langue officielle et le moyen d’instruction, le setswana la langue véhiculaire nationale, qui est utilisée dans les villages lors d’événements officiels et dans d’autres situations informelles. Toutes les autres langues parlées par les tribus non reconnues sont interdites dans les écoles et les médias, y compris les langues minoritaires enseignées avant l’indépendance en 1966. Cet article décrit le Projet langue shiyeyi (Shiyeyi Language Project, SLP) mis en place par la tribu Wayeyi, qui plaide pour un modèle éducatif multiculturel. Cette approche instruit les enfants à un stade précoce dans leur langue maternelle et sur leur culture locale, puis ajoute la langue nationale et éventuellement une langue internationale comme langues d’enseignement. Le projet œuvre dans un contexte politique et juridique hostile, mais a obtenu un certain nombre de résultats. La poursuite de cet effort, notamment avec le soutien de projets linguistiques similaires, renferme le potentiel de faire évoluer la situation au Botswana.

Zusammenfassung

Ein Projekt zur Unterstützung der multikulturellen Bildung: der Fall der Shiyeyi-Sprache in Botswana – Multikulturelle Bildung bedeutet Achtung der kulturellen Unterschiede und Bejahung der Vielfalt, die von Schülerinnen und Schülern, ihren Gemeinschaften und Lehrkräften in den Lernprozess eingebracht wird. Sie basiert auf der Überzeugung, dass ein schulisches Curriculum, das die Ideale der Freiheit, Gerechtigkeit, Gleichheit, Fairness und Menschenwürde vermittelt, die größten Chancen auf Spitzenleistungen und qualitativ hochwertige Bildung eröffnet. In Botswana ist Englisch Amts- und Unterrichtssprache, Setswana ist die nationale Lingua franca, die bei formalen Anlässen in den Dörfern und in sonstigen informellen Kontexten benutzt wird. Alle anderen Sprachen, die von nicht anerkannten Völkern gesprochen werden, dürfen in Schulen und Medien nicht verwendet werden, dazu gehören auch Minderheitensprachen, die vor der Erlangung der Unabhängigkeit im Jahr 1966 unterrichtet wurden. In diesem Artikel wird das vom Volk der Wayeyi initiierte Shiyeyi Language Project (SLP) beschrieben, das für ein multikulturelles Bildungsmodell steht, in dem Kinder anfänglich in ihrer Muttersprache und über ihre lokale Kultur lernen. Später kommt dann die Landessprache und schließlich eine internationale Sprache als Unterrichtssprache hinzu. Das Projekt findet in einem ablehnenden politischen und rechtlichen Umfeld statt, trotzdem konnte einiges erreicht werden. Werden die Anstrengungen fortgesetzt, insbesondere mit Unterstützung ähnlicher Sprachprojekte, dann besteht durchaus die Chance, die Situation in Botswana zu verändern.

Resumen

Un proyecto que aboga por la educación multicultural: el caso de la lengua chiyeyi en Botwsana – La educación multicultural respeta diferencias culturales y afirma el pluralismo que los estudiantes, sus comunidades y sus docentes aportan al proceso de aprendizaje. Está fundada en la convicción de que un currículo escolar que promueve los ideales de libertad, justicia, igualdad de condiciones y dignidad humana tiene mayores probabilidades de traducirse en un alto rendimiento académico y en una educación de calidad. En Botswana, el inglés es la lengua oficial y medio de instrucción, mientras que el setsuana es la lengua vehicular nacional, que se usa en ocasiones formales en los pueblos y en otros marcos no oficiales. Cualquier otra lengua hablada por tribus no reconocidas ha sido desterrada de las escuelas o de los medios, incluyendo las lenguas minoritarias que se enseñaban antes de la independencia en 1966. Con este trabajo, la autora describe el Proyecto de la Lengua Chiyeyi (SLP, por sus siglas en inglés), una iniciativa de la tribu Wayeyi que aboga por un modelo de educación multicultural en el que los niños aprenden en su lengua materna y sobre su cultura local en una etapa temprana, luego agregan la lengua nacional y finalmente una lengua internacional como medio de instrucción. El proyecto se desarrolla dentro de un contexto político y legal poco amigable, pero ha logrado algunos resultados. Los esfuerzos continuados, y particularmente aquellos que son apoyados por proyectos de lenguas similares, tienen el potencial de cambiar la situación en Botswana.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

Notes

  1. Also referred to as Bayeyi (due the influence of the Setswana noun class prefix, Ba-). The Wayeyi are one of the 45 tribes speaking 26 languages who are unrecognised by the Botswana constitution. Others include the San or Basarwa, Bakalaka, Bekuhane and Herero. In practical terms, this non-recognition means these tribes can be moved off their ancestral land by the government without compensation, they cannot elect a chief from their own community and are forbidden to educate their children in their mother tongue.

  2. The Batawana tribe is one of the eight Setswana-speaking tribes recognised by the constitution, the others are Bangwato, Bakwena, Bangwaketsi, Balete, Barolong, Batlokwa and Bakgatla ba ga Kgafela. The Batawana, Bangwato, Bakwena and Bangwaketsi rule over the constitutionally unrecognised tribes with whom they share territories. On national media, the dominated tribes are referred to by the name of the tribe which rules over them. The rulers’ goal is to assimilate them into Setswana language and culture to build a nation of Batswana.

  3. The composition of the House of Chiefs is defined in sections 77–79 of the constitution. Even after its review in 2007, it maintained this discrimination. The Tribal Territories Act is also relevant.

  4. The relevant passages in the Constitution of Botswana read as follows:

    15 Protection from discrimination on the grounds of race, etc.

    1. (1)

      Subject to the provisions of subsections (4), (5) and (7) of this section, no law shall make any provision that is discriminatory either of itself or in its effect. […]

    2. (4)

      Subsection (1) of this section shall not apply to any law so far as that law makes provision – […]

      1. (d)

        for the application in the case of members of a particular race, community or tribe of customary law with respect to any matter whether to the exclusion of any law in respect to that matter which is applicable in the case of other persons or not […]

    3. (9)

      Nothing contained in or done under the authority of any law shall be held to be inconsistent with the provisions of this section

      1. (a)

        if that law was in force immediately before the coming into operation of this Constitution and has continued in force at all times since the coming into operation of this Constitution; or

      2. (b)

        to the extent that the law repeals and re-enacts any provision which has been contained in any written law at all times since immediately before the coming into operation of this Constitution

    (Botswana Embassy 2002).

  5. Of the 2,622 census respondents in the Delta, 1,618 said they speak Setswana at home (most Wayeyi speak Setswana at home – hence Shiyeyi is endangered). 420 said they speak Shiyeyi and 121 said English. Another 345 gave other languages classified as unknown (most probably spoken by tourists) – so the local languages with the most significant figures are Setswana and Shiyeyi.

  6. Multicultural education in this paper refers to the use of more than one language and culture in the classroom. It is used synonymously with intercultural education, mother tongue education and multilingual education.

  7. “The Kamanakao Association is a registered non-governmental organization with the basic objective of maintaining and developing the remnants of the language and culture of the Wayeyi people of northern Botswana. Shiyeyi refers to both the language and culture of the Wayeyi people. In Shiyeyi, Kamanakao means ‘remnants’. Since its establishment, the association has worked tirelessly to convince the Government of Botswana to officially denounce the people of Wayeyi tribe as minority and also recognise their chieftainship as legitimate.” (Kamanakao website at http://kamanakao.tripod.com/, accessed 17 November 2011).

  8. In the immersion model, pupils learn all subjects through the medium of one designated language.

  9. In the transitional model, children’s early education starts in their mother tongue, and the skills they have acquired are then transferred to a second language of education.

  10. Human rights treaty bodies, as defined on the website of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/treaty/index.htm, accessed on 17 November 2011), are committees of independent experts that monitor implementation of the core international human rights treaties. They are created in accordance with the provisions of the treaty that they monitor.

  11. Click sounds are a particular feature of Bantu languages, of which Shiyeyi is one.

  12. Formerly the Ministry of Education, it was renamed in 2008.

  13. Specifying conditions of membership of the House of Chiefs, sections 77–79 of the Constitution also list the names of the recognised tribes (Botswana Embassy 2002).

  14. DOSET materials are textbooks for teaching mathematics, English, Setswana and social studies.

  15. Vision 2016 is a governmental development strategy for Botswana, launched in 1996 (30 years after independence) and adopted in 1997. It is built on seven pillars or goals, concerning (1) education, (2) open, transparent governance (3) morality and tolerance, (4) unity and pride, (5) a crime-free society, (6) excellence and (7) compassion, justice and care in terms of income distribution, poverty and a social safety net. 2016 will mark the first 50 years after Botswana gained independence.

References

  • Batibo, H. (2005). Language decline and death in Africa: Causes, consequences and challenges. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.

    Google Scholar 

  • Batibo, H., & Smieja, B. (2005). Minority speakers’ attitude towards their languages: Causes, implications and reversal strategies. Paper presented at the UB-TROMSO San Collaborative research Seminar, 11 February 2005. University of Botswana.

  • Botswana Embassy. (2002). Constitution of Botswana. Retrieved November 17, 2011 from http://www.botswanaembassy.org/files/constitution_of_botswana.pdf.

  • Botswana Examinations Council. (2011). 2010 BGCSE results released (press release June). Retrieved November 17, 2011 from http://www.bec.co.bw.

  • Botswana Parliament. (2011). Ratification of the international convention on economic, social and cultural rights. Motion. Draft Hansard. Gaborone: Botswana Parliament.

  • Botswana Review. (2009). Botswana review (29th ed.). www.scribd.com/doc.

  • Botswana Parliament. (2010). Parliamentary question number 500 to the Minister of Education. Gaborone: Botswana Parliament.

    Google Scholar 

  • Central Statistics Office. (2001). Population and housing census report 2001. Gaborone: Government Printer.

    Google Scholar 

  • CERD (Committee on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination). (2002). Concluding observations of the CERD: Botswana. 61st Session, August 5–23, 2002.

  • CERD (Committee on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination). (2006). Concluding observations of the CERD: Botswana, 68th Session, February 20–March 10, 2006.

  • Charusheela, S. (2008). Social analysis and the capabilities approach: A limit to Martha Nussbaum’s universalist ethics. Cambridge Journal of Economics, 1, 1135–1152.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chebanne, A., & Nyati-Ramahobo, L. (2003). Language use and language knowledge in Botswana: Data from the 2001 population and housing census (pp. 392–407). Paper presented at the 2001 Population and Housing Census Dissemination Seminar, 8–11 September 2003. Gaborone: Central Statistics Office.

  • Cook, R. (2003). Challenging and breaking through in minority languages: Seven years of language development in Botswana. Paper presented at the Mother Tongue Day workshop, held at the University of Botswana, organised by RETENG, February 21–22, 2003.

  • Department of Arts and Culture. (2008). Marang a Ngwao. Botswana: Ministry of Youth, Sport and Culture.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dipholo, K. (2010). Uneven development and the marginalization of minority tribes? Sunday Standard, 8–14 August, p. 6.

  • Hassellbring, S., Segatlhe, T., & Munch, J. (2001). Sociolinguistic survey of the languages of Botswana (Vol. 2). A Publication of the Basarwa Languages Project, Gaborone.

  • Kavehematui, J. (2005). They don’t play my music—DJ Smooth. Tribune, July 17–23, p. 13.

  • Kentshitswe, L. (2011). Shiyeyi is Botswana’s most developed minority language. Midweek Sun. Gaborone, March 2, p. 2.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kokorwe, G. (2009a). Keynote address by Honorable Minister of Youth, Sport and Culture, at the Wayeyi cultural festival, April 18, 2009, Gumare.

  • Kokorwe, G. (2009b). Keynote address by Honourable Minister of Youth, Sport and Culture, at the RETENG cultural festival, July 26, 2009, Gaborone.

  • Krashen, S. (1982). Principles and practice in second language acquisition. Mouton: Pergamon Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lukusa, S. (2002). Groundwork on Shiyeyi grammar with Shiyeyi-English glossary. Frankfurt: Peter Lang.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lukusa, S. (2009). Shiyeyi-English dictionary. Munich: LIMCOM GmbH.

    Google Scholar 

  • Malete, L. (2003). School attendance and dropout rates by age, gender and religion: 2001 Census data. Paper presented at the 2001 Population and Housing Census Dissemination Seminar, September 8–11. Gaborone: Central Statistics Office.

  • Masalila, T. (2008). Towards a systematic framework for examining the congruence among reading objectives, tasks and competencies in Botswana Primary schools. Masters thesis. Paris: International Institute for Educational Planning.

  • Ministry of Education. (1993). Report of the National Commission on Education. Gaborone: Government Printer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ministry of Education. (1994). Government paper no. 2 of 1994: The revised national policy on education. Gaborone: Government Printer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moeng, G. (2011). My language, my pride. The Monitor, February, p. 4.

  • Mogami, D. (2011). Speech at the Mother tongue day commemoration, Maun, 21 February.

  • Monaka, K. (2009). Mother tongue education: Prospects for Bakgalagari learners. In G. Kamwendo, D. Jankie, & A. Chebanne (Eds.), Multilingualism in education and communities in Southern Africa. Gaborone: UBTromso Collaborative Programme for the San Research Capacity Building.

    Google Scholar 

  • Muñoz, V. (2005). Report of the Special Rapporteur on the right to education, on his mission to Botswana. Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. 63rd session of the Commission on human rights—agenda 10, November.

  • Nyati-Ramahobo, L. (1997). Language in education and the quality of life in Botswana. In D. Nteta & J. Herman (Eds.), Poverty and plenty: The Botswana experience (pp. 251–269). Gaborone: Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nyati-Ramahobo, L. (1998). Language, culture and learning: The missing link in teacher education. In C. D. Yandila, P. Moanakwena, F. R. O’Mara, A. M. Kakanda, & J. Mensah (Eds.), Improving education quality for effective learning: The teacher’s dilemma. Proceedings of the third biennial teacher education conference (pp. 207–214). Gaborone: Ministry of Education.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nyati-Ramahobo, L. (2005). Towards multicultural education for Khoesan Peoples of Botswana: Breaking barriers, expanding opportunities and exploring possibilities. Paper presented at the regional mother tongue conference on multilingualism in Southern Africa: Celebrating and sharing experiences and practices, June 1–2. Gaborone, Botswana: Botswana National Productivity Centre.

  • Nyati-Ramahobo, L. (2008). Minority tribes in Botswana: The politics of recognition. London: Minority Rights Group International.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pelontle, K. (2011). Documenting languages imperative. Daily News, No 37, 25 February, p. 20.

  • Pica, T. (1994). Research on negotiation: What does it reveal about second language learning conditions, processes and outcomes. Language Learning, 44(3), 493–527.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Republic of Botswana. (2001). Balopi Commission report. Gaborone: Government Printer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Republic of Botswana & European Community. (2007). Country strategy paper and indicative programme for 2008–2013. Gaborone.

  • RETENG (The Multicultural Coalition of Botswana). (2008, March). Alternative report submitted to the Human Rights Committee on the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. Gaborone: RETENG.

  • Sen, A. (1992). Inequality reexamined. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Solway, J., & Nyati-Ramahobo, L. (2004). Democracy in progress: Building a coalition to achieve political, cultural and linguistic rights in Botswana. Canadian Journal of African Studies, 38(3), 603–621.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tlou, T. (1985). A history of Ngamiland 1750–1906: The formation of an African State. Gaborone: Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • UNICEF. (2008, May). Division of Policy and Practice, Statistical Monitoring section. Retrieved June 2011 from www.childinfo.org.

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Lydia Nyati-Saleshando.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Nyati-Saleshando, L. An advocacy project for multicultural education: The case of the Shiyeyi language in Botswana. Int Rev Educ 57, 567–582 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11159-011-9254-4

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11159-011-9254-4

Keywords

Navigation