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Teacher development under curriculum reform: a case study of a secondary school in mainland China

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Abstract

In 2003, a curriculum reform of education was initiated in mainland China to improve the quality of senior secondary education. The major purpose of this reform was to move from a teacher-centred to a student-centred approach in teaching. In order to find out how teachers coped with the challenges of the reform and how their work was affected, an in-depth study was conducted at a senior secondary school in City B, Guangdong, using qualitative research. While the curriculum reform was found to offer teachers an opportunity for re-professionalisation, teacher development in the sample school was revealed as having changed towards an assigned professionalism. In addition, teaching research officers limited themselves to instruction on practical teaching techniques. Furthermore, the existence of teacher leadership on a subject panel was heavily dependent on the panel head’s leadership style. On the whole, the tendency was for teachers to be explicitly instructed to partake in contrived collegiality and imposed reflection.

Résumé

Développement professionnel des enseignants dans la réforme curriculaire : étude de cas sur un établissement secondaire en Chine – En 2003 a été engagée une réforme curriculaire de l’enseignement en Chine continentale, dans le but d’améliorer la qualité de l’enseignement secondaire de deuxième cycle. Cette réforme poursuivait l’objectif principal de passer d’une approche pédagogique centrée sur l’enseignant à une approche axée sur l’élève. Afin de cerner la manière dont les enseignants relèvent les défis de la réforme ainsi que les incidences de celle-ci sur leur travail, une étude approfondie a été menée dans un établissement secondaire de deuxième cycle situé dans la cité B de la province du Guangdong, en appliquant une méthode de recherche qualitative. Si l’étude a établi que la réforme curriculaire donne aux enseignants une opportunité de reprofessionnalisation, le développement professionnel de ces derniers dans l’établissement sondé s’est avéré converti en un professionnalisme dirigé. En outre, les inspecteurs-facilitateurs d’éducation se sont limités à donner des instructions sur les techniques pratiques d’enseignement. Par ailleurs, l’animation du groupe thématique pour les enseignants dépendait fortement du style de direction du chef de groupe. De manière générale, la tendance consistait à donner aux enseignants l’instruction explicite d’afficher une collégialité de circonstance et de participer à une réflexion imposée.

Zusammenfassung

Lehrerentwicklung im Rahmen einer Lehrplanreform: Fallstudie einer Sekundarstule in Festlandchina – 2003 wurde in Festlandchina eine Lehrplanreform angestoßen, um die Bildungsqualität an der Oberstufe von Sekundarschulen zu verbessern. Die Reform sollte hauptsächlich den Wechsel von einem lehrerzentrierten zu einem schülerzentrierten Bildungsansatz bewerkstelligen. Eine eingehende qualitative Forschungsstudie an der Oberstufe einer Sekundarschule in der Stadt B in der Provinz Guangdong sollte ermitteln, wie die Lehrerinnen und Lehrer mit den Herausforderungen der Reform zurechtkamen und wie ihre Arbeit dadurch beeinflusst wurde. Es stellte sich heraus, dass die Lehrplanreform den Lehrkräften zwar Gelegenheit bot, ihr Berufsbild neu zu definieren, dass sich jedoch der Lehrkörper an der ausgewählten Schule in Richtung eines von oben verordneten Berufsbildes entwickelt hat. Zudem beschränkten sich die staatlichen Schulinspektoren auf die Unterweisung in praktischen Unterrichtstechniken. Ob Lehrkräfte in einem Fachkollegium Führungsaufgaben übernahmen, hing außerdem sehr stark vom Führungsstil des Kollegiumsvorsitzenden ab. Insgesamt ging die Tendenz dahin, dass die Lehrerinnen und Lehrer ausdrücklich dazu angehalten wurden, sich an einer gekünstelten Kollegialität und aufoktroyierten Reflexion zu beteiligen.

Resumen

Desarrollo docente bajo una reforma curricular: estudio de caso en una escuela secundaria de China continental – En 2003, en China continental se puso en camino una reforma curricular para mejorar la calidad de la educación secundaria de segundo nivel. La principal finalidad de esta reforma era cambiar el enfoque de la enseñanza, hasta entonces centrada en el docente, hacia una enseñanza centrada en el estudiante. Con el objetivo de comprobar cómo los docentes enfrentaron los retos de la reforma y cómo esta reforma afectó su trabajo, se ha realizado un estudio en profundidad en una escuela secundaria de segundo nivel en una “ciudad B” de Guangdong, mediante una investigación cualitativa. Si bien se comprobó que la reforma curricular ofrecía a los docentes una oportunidad de reprofesionalización, el desarrollo docente en esta escuela que ha servido de muestra reveló un cambio hacia un profesionalismo asignado. Además, los investigadores de la docencia se limitaron a impartir instrucciones sobre técnicas docentes prácticas. Y aparte de eso, la existencia de liderazgo docente en un determinado equipo de asignatura dependía fuertemente del estilo de liderazgo del jefe del equipo. En suma, la tendencia era la instrucción explícita a docentes para que tomen parte en una colegialidad artificial y en una reflexión impuesta.

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Notes

  1. “Ecological change” in this context refers to a change in the culture of teaching.

  2. RMB or renminbi, the principle unit of which is the yuan, is the currency of People’s Republic of China. In December 2010, the exchange rate was 8.84 yuan = 1 euro.

  3. Of the 12 interviewees, 6 were regular teachers, 3 were subject panel heads, 2 were teaching research officers and 1 was head of an academic department.

  4. The Education Bureau is the governmental office supervising local education. Its major roles are to distribute financial resources, make personnel decisions (e.g. appointing school principals and vice principals), endorse teacher employment, organise local examinations and inspect education quality.

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Correspondence to Manhong Lai.

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Lai, M. Teacher development under curriculum reform: a case study of a secondary school in mainland China. Int Rev Educ 56, 613–631 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11159-010-9181-9

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