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Instrumentation and control of anaerobic digestion processes: a review and some research challenges

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Abstract

To enhance energy production from methane or resource recovery from digestate, anaerobic digestion processes require advanced instrumentation and control tools. Over the years, research on these topics has evolved and followed the main fields of application of anaerobic digestion processes: from municipal sewage sludge to liquid—mainly industrial—then municipal organic fraction of solid waste and agricultural residues. Time constants of the processes have also changed with respect to the treated waste from minutes or hours to weeks or months. Since fast closed loop control is needed for short time constant processes, human operator is now included in the loop when taking decisions to optimize anaerobic digestion plants dealing with complex solid waste over a long retention time. Control objectives have also moved from the regulation of key variables—measured on-line—to the prediction of overall process performance—based on global off-line measurements—to optimize the feeding of the processes. Additionally, the need for more accurate prediction of methane production and organic matter biodegradation has impacted the complexity of instrumentation and should include a more detailed characterization of the waste (e.g., biochemical fractions like proteins, lipids and carbohydrates) and their bioaccessibility and biodegradability characteristics. However, even if in the literature several methodologies have been developed to determine biodegradability based on organic matter characterization, only a few papers deal with bioaccessibility assessment. In this review, we emphasize the high potential of some promising techniques, such as spectral analysis, and we discuss issues that could appear in the near future concerning control of AD processes.

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Abbreviations

AD:

Anaerobic digestion

ADM1:

Anaerobic digestion model No 1

AFM:

Atomic force microscopy

BCA:

Bicinchonic acid

BD:

Ultimate anaerobic biodegradability

BMP:

Biochemical methane potential

BOD:

Biochemical oxygen demand

CH4 :

Methane

CLSM:

Confocal laser-scanning microscopy

CO2 :

Carbon dioxide

COD:

Chemical oxygen demand

Da:

Dalton

EPS:

Extracellular polymeric substances

FOG:

Fats, oils, and greases

FTIR:

Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy

GASDM:

General activated sludge and digestion model

GC/MS:

Gas chromatography coupled with mass spectroscopy

GISCOD:

Eneral integrated solid waste co-digestion model

HA:

Humic acids

HPLC:

High performance liquid chromatography

HRT:

Hydraulic retention time

ICA:

Instrumentation, control and automation

IWA:

International water association

LCFA:

Long chain fatty acids

MPR:

Methane production rate

MSW:

Municipal solid waste

NIRS:

Near infra-red spectroscopy

NMR:

Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy

OLR:

Organic load rate

PLS:

Partial least square

R2 :

Regression coefficient

RI4 :

Respiration index 4 days

SEM:

Scanning electron microscopy

STP:

Standard conditions of temperature and pressure

S/X:

Substrate to biomass ratio

TEM:

Transmission electron microscopy

TKN:

Total kjeldahl nitrogen

TOC:

Total organic carbon

TS:

Total suspended solids

VFA:

Volatile fatty acids

VS:

Volatile solids

XPS:

X-ray Photoelectron spectroscopy

3D-EEM:

3D emission excitation matrix

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Acknowledgments

The authors acknowledge the financial support of INRA (the French National Institute for Agricultural Research), the French National Research Agency (ANR) for the “Phycover” project (project ANR-14-CE04-0011) and ADEME for Inter-laboratory assay financial support.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. INRA, UR0050, Laboratoire de Biotechnologie de l’Environnement, Avenue des Etangs, 11100, Narbonne, France

    Julie Jimenez, Eric Latrille, Jérôme Harmand, Angel Robles & Jean-Philippe Steyer

  2. IIAMA, Institut Universitari d’Investigació d’Enginyeria de l’Aigua i Medi Ambient, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camí de Vera s/n, 46022, València, Spain

    Angel Robles & José Ferrer

  3. Department of Automation and Industrial IT, Cologne University of Applied Sciences, Steinmuellerallee 1, 51643, Gummersbach, Germany

    Daniel Gaida & Christian Wolf

  4. INRIA, BIOCORE, 2004 route des lucioles, 06250, Sophia-Antipolis, France

    Francis Mairet & Olivier Bernard

  5. Departamento de Ingeniería Química-CUCEI, Universidad de Guadalajara, Blvd. Marcelino García Barragán 1451, S. R., 44430, Guadalajara, Mexico

    Victor Alcaraz-Gonzalez & Hugo Mendez-Acosta

  6. Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, Marquette University, PO Box 1881, Milwaukee, WI, 53201-1881, USA

    Daniel Zitomer

  7. Applied Technologies, Inc., 16815 Wisconsin Avenue, Brookfield, WI, 53005, USA

    Dennis Totzke

  8. Department of Water Management, Section Sanitary Engineering, Delft University of Technology, PO Box 5048, 2600 GA, Delft, The Netherlands

    Henri Spanjers

  9. Fachgebiet IV.5 Erneuerbare Energien, Boden und Sekundärrohstoffe, Landesbetrieb Hessisches Landeslabor (LHL), Schlossstraße 26, 36251, Bad Hersfeld, Germany

    Fabian Jacobi

  10. Sustainable Environment Research Centre, University of South Wales, Treforest, UK

    Alan Guwy, Richard Dinsdale & Giuliano Premier

  11. Veolia Recherche and Innovation, Chemin de la digue BP 76, 78603, Maisons Laffitte, France

    Sofiane Mazhegrane

  12. Escuela de Ingeniería Bioquímica, Facultad de Ingeniería, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, General Cruz 34, Valparaíso, Chile

    Gonzalo Ruiz-Filippi

  13. Departament d’Enginyeria Química, Universitat de València, Avinguda de la Universitat s/n., 46100, Burjassot, València, Spain

    Aurora Seco

  14. Institut Polytechnique LaSalle Beauvais, Rue Pierre Waguet, BP 30313, 60026, Beauvais Cedex, France

    Thierry Ribeiro

  15. Sorbonne Universités, EA 4297 TIMR UTC/ESCOM, UTC, CS 60319, 60203, Compiègne Cedex, France

    André Pauss

Authors
  1. Julie Jimenez
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  2. Eric Latrille
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  3. Jérôme Harmand
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  24. Jean-Philippe Steyer
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jean-Philippe Steyer.

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Jimenez, J., Latrille, E., Harmand, J. et al. Instrumentation and control of anaerobic digestion processes: a review and some research challenges. Rev Environ Sci Biotechnol 14, 615–648 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11157-015-9382-6

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