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Altered diversity and functioning of soil and root-associated microbiomes by an invasive native plant

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Abstract

Purpose

Microorganisms that inhabit at microhabitat of bulk soil, rhizosphere, and root play different roles in carbon and nutrient cycling, and their changes have differential impacts on plant community dynamics. However, there is an extensive knowledge deficit regarding how plant invasion affects soil microorganisms residing at different microhabitats of plant species being invaded and even those of the invader itself.

Methods

This study employed high-throughput sequencing of bacterial 16S rRNA genes and the fungal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region to investigate the microbial community structure and function(s) of bulk soil, rhizosphere, and roots of a dominant native tree species (Cyclobalanopsis glauca) in a subtropical evergreen forest invaded and uninvaded by an invasive native species (Phyllostachys edulis, Moso bamboo), and that of the invader itself at both invaded and uninvaded forests. Moreover, we calculated the α-, β-diversity and phyla composition and predicted the function and co-occurrence network of microbes.

Results

The bacterial richness rather than fungal richness in bulk soil was observed to have increased after being invaded by bamboo. Both richness and co-occurrence network of the root-associated microbiomes of C. glauca declined after being invaded by bamboo, with a more drastic change in the rhizosphere than in roots. In the case of the bamboo, it was observed that bacterial networks had strengthened after they were invaded into the ambient forest as opposed to when they were in a monoculture, with a heavier change in root than in the rhizosphere. Furthermore, the changes in the root-associated microbial composition of C. glauca were mainly relevant for nutritional cycling, particularly bacteria responsible for nitrogen (N) cycling, implying the strengthened competition of C. glauca for nutrients after being invaded by bamboo.

Conclusion

This study revealed that the invasion of bamboo resulted in significant but differential changes in microbial community structure and related functions that were inhabited within the bulk soil, and at the rhizosphere, and roots of both dominant native tree species and the bamboo itself. A more profound observation was made where the invasive and non-invasive plants showed contrasting responses between rhizosphere and root after invasion or being invaded, with the rhizospheric microbes of non-invasive plants being more sensitive than that of roots, and the roots of invader were more sensitive than rhizosphere. The study findings have important implications for soil carbon and nutrients cycling and even community development of subtropical evergreen forests.

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Data availability

The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

Code availability

Not applicable.

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Acknowledgements

Special appreciations to Dr. Xiao Zhang and Dr. Xiangzhen Li for providing useful technical support, and also to the Environmental Genomics of Chengdu Institute of Biological, Chinese Academy of Sciences, for providing services in High-throughput Sequencing.

Funding

This work was jointly funded by the Fundamental Research Funds for ICBR (1632018004), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 31971461 and 31760177), the National Key R&D Program of China (2021YFD2200405), Jiangxi Provincial Natural Science Foundation (20202BABL203025; 20212ACB213004), and the Youth Jinggang Scholars Program in Jiangxi Province (QNJG2020050).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Mining and Metallurgy Environmental Pollution Control, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, 341000, People’s Republic of China

    Siyu Li, Dong Xie & Wei Dong

  2. Institute of Resources and Environment, International Centre for Bamboo and Rattan, Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration/Beijing for Bamboo & Rattan Science and Technology, Beijing, 100102, People’s Republic of China

    Siyu Li & Junwei Luan

  3. Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311400, People’s Republic of China

    Xiaogai Ge

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  1. Siyu Li
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Contributions

J. Luan designed the experiment; S. Li and D. Xie conducted the experiment and analyzed the samples; S. Li conducted the statistical analyses; W. Dong and J. Luan provided critical review and substantially revised the manuscript; all co-authors contributed to the writing.

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Correspondence to Wei Dong or Junwei Luan.

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Supplementary file1 (DOCX 38 KB)

Supplementary Fig. 1

(PNG 163 KB)

11104_2022_5338_MOESM2_ESM.eps

High Resolution Image Taxonomic composition of bacterial at the phylum level as affected by bamboo invasion for bulk soil, rhizosphere, and root (Bars and error bars represent the average value of each phylum percentage and the SE, respectively). (EPS 1261 KB)

Supplementary Fig. 2

(PNG 192 KB)

11104_2022_5338_MOESM3_ESM.eps

High Resolution Image Taxonomic composition of fungal at the phylum and class level as affected by bamboo invasion for bulk soil, rhizosphere, and root (Bars and error bars represent the average value of each phylum percentage and the SE, respectively). (EPS 1421 KB)

Supplementary Fig. 3

(PNG 283 KB)

11104_2022_5338_MOESM4_ESM.eps

High Resolution Image Bacterial OTU co-occurrence network associated with elemental cycling Notes: The edge color, “—” means a positive correlation between two OTUs, “—” means negative correlation. Different colors of the nodes represent different modules. (EPS 3021 KB)

Supplementary Fig. 4

(PNG 149 KB)

11104_2022_5338_MOESM5_ESM.eps

High Resolution Image Fungal OTU co-occurrence network associated with ecological function. Notes: The edge color, “—” means a positive correlation between two OTUs, “—” means negative correlation. Different colors of the nodes represent different modules. (EPS 2504 KB)

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Li, S., Xie, D., Ge, X. et al. Altered diversity and functioning of soil and root-associated microbiomes by an invasive native plant. Plant Soil 473, 235–249 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-022-05338-z

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