Abstract
Aims
A reliable root architectural model is required to study tree anchorage, including secondary root growth, from seed to the mature stage.
Methods
We calibrated the generic RootTyp model for the seven root types of Pinus pinaster. We determined most parameter distributions from the means and standard deviations of corresponding features in 92 excavated root systems of various ages. We set the remaining parameters using the literature or an optimisation method. The simulated root systems were compared to 22 additional root systems for validation.
Results
Branching varies as a function of the distance from the root base, and the growth capacity decreases with branching order. These damping properties had to be implemented in the model to yield realistic outputs beyond the juvenile phase. Diameter growth was satisfactorily modelled from the apex diameter and a tapering-by-branching coefficient. Nevertheless, the diameters of the simulated roots were underestimated near the stump. Growth alterations due to soil constraints were accurately reproduced using the calibrated soil module.
Conclusions
Root architecture of large-size and long-living plants can be appropriately modelled with the modified RootTyp model. We suppose that diameter underestimation was due to selective acclimation to the prevailing wind, a facet not taken into account at this calibration step.
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Change history
29 July 2019
Owing to an error in the conversion of the original file, in figure 10, root systems a1, a2, b1 and b2 were represented too thick. The correct version of figure 10 is reproduced below.
Abbreviations
- Atrans :
-
Transition Age (RootTyp parameter
see Table 3)
- BA:
-
Branching Angle (RootTyp parameter, see Table 3)
- CSA:
-
Cross-Sectional Area of root segment
- D:
-
Root apical Diameter (RootTyp parameter, see Table 3)
- GRinit :
-
Initial Growth Rate (RootTyp parameter, see Table 3)
- Hh:
-
Horizontal roots on horizontal roots (Name of root type)
- Hstump:
-
Horizontal roots branched on the stump (Name of root type)
- Hvh:
-
Horizontal roots branching from vertical or horizontal roots (Name of root type)
- IBD:
-
Inter-Branch Distance (RootTyp parameter, see Table 3)
- IT:
-
Indicator of Tropism type (RootTyp parameter, see Table 3)
- Lmax :
-
Asymptotic length (RootTyp parameter, see Table 3)
- MBIAS:
-
Mean of BIAS (model evaluation criteria, see Table 2)
- MEF:
-
Model Efficiency (model evaluation criteria, see Table 2)
- PRtyp :
-
Proportion of Root types (RootTyp parameter, see Table 3)
- Ptrans :
-
Transition Probability (RootTyp parameter, see Table 3)
- RG:
-
Radial Growth parameter (RootTyp parameter, see Table 3)
- RI:
-
Tapering-by-branching coefficient
- RMSE:
-
Root Mean Squared Error (model evaluation criteria, see Table 2)
- RMSEn:
-
normalised Root Mean Squared Error (model evaluation criteria, see Table 2)
- SoilBranch:
-
Alteration of root inter-branch distance (IBD) by the soil (Soil module parameter, see Table 4)
- SoilCont:
-
Alteration of growth direction by the soil (Soil module parameter, see Table 4)
- SoilGrowth:
-
Alteration of root elongation by the soil (Soil module parameter, see Table 4)
- SoilInt:
-
Intensity of alteration of growth direction by the soil (Soil module parameter, see Table 4)
- SRL:
-
Specific Root Length, ratio of root length to root volume
- Strans :
-
Transition direction (RootTyp parameter, see Table 3)
- T:
-
Tropism intensity (RootTyp parameter, see Table 3)
- TN:
-
Time of Necrosis (RootTyp parameter, see Table 3)
- Vh:
-
Vertical roots on horizontal roots (Name of root type)
- Vv:
-
Vertical roots on vertical roots (Name of root type)
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Acknowledgements
We thank Raphaël Segura, Charlotte Swahn, Chantal Giroux, Antoine Danquechin Dorval (INRA, UMR1202, BioGeCo) and Bernard Issenhuth, Nicolas Cheval, Laurent Severin, William Oliva, Camille Guillem, Jean-Paul Chambon (INRA, UE0570, UEFP), Didier Garrigou and Mark Bakker (INRA, UMR1391, ISPA) for their technical support. We thank Tovo Rabemanantsoa, Christophe Moisy (INRA, UMR1391 ISPA) and Rémi Vezy (SupAgro, UMR 1230, SYSTEM, Montpellier) for the help for computing and modelling. We thank Alexandre Bosc (INRA, UMR1391, ISPA), the editor and the two anonymous reviewers for their remarks on the manuscript. We also thank the Conseil Régional d’Aquitaine and the French Ministère de l’Agriculture, de l’Agroalimentaire et de la Forêt (Fortius project – 13001087) for providing funds for the measurements and the framework of the Cluster of Excellence COTE (ANR-10-LABX-45) for additional funds. Clément Saint-Cast’s PhD grant was provided by the University of Bordeaux.
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Saint Cast, C., Meredieu, C., Défossez, P. et al. Modelling root system development for anchorage of forest trees up to the mature stage, including acclimation to soil constraints: the case of Pinus pinaster. Plant Soil 439, 405–430 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-019-04039-4
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-019-04039-4