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Molecular genetics of puroindolines and related genes: regulation of expression, membrane binding properties and applications

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Abstract

Kernel texture of wheat is a primary determinant of its technological properties. Soft kernel texture phenotype results when the Puroindoline a and Puroindoline b genes are present and encode the wild-type puroindolines PINA and PINB, respectively, and various mutations in either or both gene(s) result in hard phenotypes. A wealth of information is now available that furthers our understanding regarding the spatial and temporal regulation of expression of Puroindoline genes. Through the use of model membranes and synthetic peptides we also have a clearer understanding of the significance of the cysteine backbone, the tryptophan-rich domain (TRD) and the helicoid tertiary structures of PIN proteins in relation to their membrane-active properties. Many studies suggest individual yet co-operative modes of action of the PIN proteins in determining kernel texture, and significant evidence is accumulating that the proteins have in vivo and in vitro antimicrobial activities, shedding light on the biological roles of this unique ensemble of proteins. The puroindolines are now being explored for grain kernel texture modifications as well as antimicrobial activities.

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Abbreviations

DAF:

Days after flowering (≈days post-anthesis)

GSP:

Grain softness protein

NILs:

Near-isogenic lines

ns-LTPs:

Non-specific lipid-transfer proteins

QTL:

Quantitative trait locus/loci

SNP:

Single nucleotide polymorphism

TRD:

Tryptophan-rich domain

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Acknowledgements

The authors thank the anonymous reviewer for a through and critical review of the manuscript, which helped greatly with its revision. The assistance of Stacey Sykes in the preparation of this manuscript is gratefully acknowledged.

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  1. Environment and Biotechnology Centre, Faculty of Life and Social Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, P.O. Box 218, Melbourne, VIC, 3122, Australia

    Mrinal Bhave

  2. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Western Wheat Quality Laboratory, E-202 Food Science & Human Nutrition Facility East, Washington State University, P.O. Box 646394, Pullman, WA, 99164-6394, USA

    Craig F. Morris

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Bhave, M., Morris, C.F. Molecular genetics of puroindolines and related genes: regulation of expression, membrane binding properties and applications. Plant Mol Biol 66, 221–231 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11103-007-9264-6

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