Abstract
By a differential cDNA screening technique, we have isolated a dehydration-inducible gene (designated OSRK1) that encodes a 41.8 kD protein kinase of SnRK2 family from Oryza sativa. The OSRK1 transcript level was undetectable in vegetative tissues, but significantly increased by hyperosmotic stress and Abscisic acid (ABA). To determine its biochemical properties, we expressed and isolated OSRK1 and its mutants as glutathione S-transferase fusion proteins in Escherichia coli. In vitro kinase assay showed that OSRK1 can phosphorylate itself and generic substrates as well. Interestingly, OSRK1 showed strong substrate preference for rice bZIP transcription factors and uncommon cofactor requirement for Mn2+ over Mg2+. By deletion of C-terminus 73 amino acids or mutations of Ser-158 and Thr-159 to aspartic acids (Asp) in the activation loop, the activity of OSRK1 was dramatically decreased. OSRK1 can transphosphorylate the inactive deletion protein. A rice family of abscisic acid-responsive element (ABRE) binding factor, OREB1 was phosphorylated in vitro by OSRK1 at multiple sites of different functional domains. MALDI-TOF analysis identified a phosphorylation site at Ser44 of OREB1 and mutation of the residue greatly decreased the substrate specificity for OSRK1. The recognition motif for OSRK1, RQSS is highly similar to the consensus substrate sequence of AMPK/SNF1 kinase family. We further showed that OSRK1 interacts with OREB1 in a yeast two-hybrid system and co-localized to nuclei by transient expression analysis of GFP-fused protein in onion epidermis. Finally, ectopic expression of OSRK1 in transgenic tobacco resulted in a reduced sensitivity to ABA in seed germination and root elongation. These findings suggest that OSRK1 is associated with ABA signaling, possibly through the phosphorylation of ABF family in vivo. The interaction between SnRK2 family kinases and ABF transcription factors may constitute an important part of cross-talk mechanism in the stress signaling networks in plants.
Similar content being viewed by others
Abbreviations
- SNF1:
-
Sucrose nonfermenting1
- SnRK:
-
SNF1-related protein kinase
- AMPK:
-
AMP-activated protein kinase
- ABF/AREB/ABI5:
-
ABRE binding factor
- GST:
-
Glutathione S-transferase
- TBS:
-
Tris-based saline buffer
- MALDI-TOF MS:
-
Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry
References
Aguan K, Sugawara K, Suzuki N, Kusano T (1993) Low-temperature-dependent expression of a rice gene encoding a protein with a leucine-zipper motif. Mol Gen Genet 240:1–8
Annan RS, Carr SA (1996) Phosphopeptide analysis by matrix-assisted laser desorption time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 68:3413–3421
Assmann SM (2003) Open stomata1 opens the door to ABA signaling in Arabidopsis guard cells Trends Plant Sci 8:151–153
Belin C, de Franco PO, Bourbousse C, Chaignepain S, Schmitter JM, Vavasseur A, Giraudat J, Barbier-Brygoo H, Thomine S (2006) Identification of features regulating OST1 kinase activity and OST1 function in guard cells. Plant Physiol 141:1316–1327
Boudsocq M, Barbier-Brygoo H, Lauriere C (2004) Identification of nine sucrose nonfermenting 1-related protein kinases 2 activated by hyperosmotic and saline stresses in Arabidopsis thaliana. J Biol Chem 279:41758–41766
Chinnusamy V, Schumaker K, Zhu JK (2004) Molecular genetic perspectives on cross-talk and specificity in abiotic stress signaling in plants. J Exp Bot 55:225–236
Choi H, Hong J, Ha J, Kang J, Kim SY (2000) ABFs, a family of ABA-responsive element binding factors. J Biol Chem 275:1723–1730
Choi HI, Park HJ, Park JH, Kim S, Im MY, Seo HH, Kim YW, Hwang IH, Kim SY (2005) Arabidopsis calcium-dependent protein kinase AtCIK32 interacts with ABF4, a Transcriptional regulator of abscisic acid-responsive gene expression, and modulates its activity. Plant Physiol 139:1750–1761
Dale S, Wilson WA, Edelman AM, Hardie DG (1995) Similar substrate recognition motifs for mammalian AMP-activated protein kinase, higher plant MG-CoA reductase kinase-A, yeast SNF1 and mammalian calmodulin-dependent protein kinase I. FEBS Lett 361:191–195
Farras R, Ferrando A, Jasik J, Kleinow T, Okresz L, Tiburcio A, Salchert K, del Pozo C, Schell J, Koncz C (2001) SKP1-SNRK protein kinase interactions mediated proteasomal binding of a plant SCF ubiquitin ligase. EMBO J 20:2742–2756
Finkelstein RR, Gampala SS, Rock CD (2002) Abscisic acid signaling in seeds and seedlings. Plant Cell 14(Suppl):S15–S45
Finkelstein RR, Lynch TJ (2000) The Arabidopsis abscisic acid response gene ABI5 encodes a basic leucine zipper transcription factor. Plant Cell 12:599–609
Furihata T, Maruyama K, Fujita Y, Umezawa T, Yoshida R, Shinozaki K, Yamaguchi-Shinozaki K (2006) Abscisic acid-dependent multisite phosphorylation regulates the activity of a transcription activator AREB1. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103:1988–1993
Gazzarrini S, McCourt P (2001) Genetic interactions between ABA, ethylene and sugar signaling pathways. Curr Opin Plant Biol 4:387–391
Gomez-Cadenas A, Verhey SD, Holapp LD, Shen Q, Walker-Simmons MK (1999) An abscisic acid-induced protein kinase, PKABA1, mediates abscisic acid-suppressed gene expression in barley aleurone layers. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96:1767–1772
Gomez-Cadenas A, Zentella R, Walker-Simmons MK, Ho TH (2001) Gibberellin/abscisic acid antagonism in barley aleurone cells: site of action of the protein kinase PKABA1 in relation to gibberellin signaling molecules. Plant Cell 13:667–679
Gong D, Gong Z, Guo Y, Zhu JK (2002a) Expression, activation, and biochemical properties of a novel Arabidopsis protein kinase. Plant Physiol 129:225–234
Gong D, Zhang C, Chen X, Gong Z, Zhu JK (2002b) Constitutive activation and transgenic evaluation of the function of an Arabidopsis PKS protein kinase. J Biol Chem 277:42088–42096
Graves P, Winkfield K, Haystead T (2005) Regulation of zipper-interacting protein kinase activity in vitro and in vivo by multisite phosphorylation. J Biol Chem 280:9363–9374
Grill E, Himmelbach A (1998) ABA signal transduction. Curr Opin Plant Biol 1:412–418
Guo Y, Xiong L, Song CP, Gong D, Halfter U, Zhu JK (2002) A calcium sensor and its interacting protein kinase are global regulators of abscisic acid signaling in Arabidopsis. Dev Cell 3:233–244
Halford NG, Hardie DG (1998) SNF1-related protein kinases: global regulators of carbon metabolism in plants? Plant Mol Biol 37:735–748
Himmelbach A, Yang Y, Grill E (2003) Relay and control of abscisic acid signaling. Curr Opin Plant Biol 6:470–479
Hobo T, Kowyama Y, Hattori T (1999) A bZIP factor, TRAB1, interacts with VP1 and mediates abscisic acid-induced transcription. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96:15348–15353
Hoffmann R, Metzger S, Spengler B, Otvos L Jr (1999) Sequencing of peptides phosphorylated on serines and threonines by post-source decay in matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J Mass Spectrom 34:1195–1200
Holappa LD, Walker-Simmons MK, Ho THD, Riechers DE, Beckles DM, Russell J (2005) A Triticum tauschii protein kinase related to wheat PKABA1 is associated with ABA signaling and is distributed between the nucleus and cytosol. J Cereal Sci 41:333–346
Holmberg C, Tran S, Eriksson J, Sistonen L (2002) Multisite phosphorylation provides sophisticated regulation of transcription factors. Trends Biochem Sci 27:619–627
Horsch RB, Fry J, Hoffmann N, Neidermeyer J, Rogers S, Fraley R (1988) Leaf disc transformation. In Gelvin S, Schilperoort R (eds) Plant molecular biology mannual. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, 1–9 pp
Hotta H, Aoki N, Matsuda T, Adachi T (1998) Molecular analysis of a novel protein kinase in maturing rice seed. Gene 213:47–54
Hoyos E, Zang S (2000) Calcium-independent activation of salicylic acid-induced protein kinase and a 40-kilodalton protein kinase by hyperosmotic stress. Plant Physiol 122:1355–1364
Hrabak EM, Chan CWM, Gribskov M, Harper JF, Choi JH, Halford N, Kudla J, Luan S, Nimmon HG, Sussman MR (2003) The Arabidopsis CDPK-SnRK super family of protein kinases. Plant Physiol 132:666–680
Johnson L, Noble M, Owen D (1996) Active and inactive protein kinases: Structural basis of regulation. Cell 85:149–158
Johnson RR, Wagner RL, Verhey SD, Walker-Simmons MK (2002) The abscisic acid-responsive kinase PKABA1 interacts with a seed-specific abscisic acid response element-binding factor, TaABF, and phosphorylates TaABF peptide sequences. Plant Physiol 130:837–846
Kagaya Y, Hobo T, Murata M, Ban A, Hattori T (2002) Abscisic acid-induced transcription is mediated by phosphorylation of an abscisic acid response element binding factor, TRAB1. Plant Cell 14:3177–3189
Kang JY, Choi HI, Im MY, Kim SY (2002) Arabidopsis basic leucine zipper proteins that mediate stress-responsive abscisic acid signaling. Plant Cell 14:343–357
Kawai T, Matsumoto M, Takeda K, Sanjo H, Akira S (1998) ZIP kinase, a novel serine/threonine kinase which mediates apotosis. Mol Cell Biol 18:1642–1651
Kelner A, Pekala I, Kaczanowski S, Muszynska G, Hardie DG, Dobrowolska G (2004) Biochemical characterization of the tobacco 42-kD protein kinase activated by osmotic stress. Plant Physiol 136:3255–3265
Kim SY, Chung HJ, Thomas TL (1997) Isolation of a novel class of bZIP transcription factors that interact with ABA-responsive and embryo-specification elements in the Dc3 promoter using a modified yeast one-hybrid system. Plant J 11:1237–1251
Kim SY, Ma J, Perret P, Li Z, Thomas TL (2002) Arabidopsis ABI5 subfamily members have distinct DNA-binding and transcriptional activities. Plant Physiol 130:688–697
Kim KN, Cheong YH, Grant JJ, Pandey GK, Luan S (2003a) CIPK3, a calcium sensor-associated protein kinase that regulates abscisic acid and cold signal transduction in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell 15:411–423
Kim KN, Lee JS, Han H, Choi SA, Goo SJ, Yoon IS (2003b) Isolation and characterization of a novel Ca2+-regulated protein kinase gene involved in responses to diverse signals including cold, light, cytokinins, sugars and salts. Plant Mol Biol 52:1191–1202
Kim JB, Kang JY, Kim SY (2004a) Over-expression of a transcription factor regulating ABA-responsive gene expression confers multiple stress tolerance. Plant Biotechnol J 2:459–466
Kim S, Kang JY, Cho DI, Park JH, Kim SY (2004b) ABF2, an ABRE-binding bZIP factor, is an essential component of glucose signaling and its overexpression affects multiple stress tolerance. Plant J 40:75–87
Knetsch M, Wang M, Snaar-Jagalska BE, Heimovaara-Dijkstra S (1996) Abscisic Acid Induces Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Activation in Barley Aleurone Protoplasts. Plant Cell 18:1061–1067
Kobayashi Y, Yamamoto S, Minami H, Kakaya Y, Hattori T (2004) Differential activation of the rice sucrose nonfermenting1-related protein kinase2 family by hyperosmotic stress and abscisic acid. Plant Cell 16:1163–1177
Kobayashi Y, Murata M, Minami H, Yamamoto S, Kagaya Y, Hobo T, Yamamoto A, Hattori T (2005) Abscisic acid-activated SNRK2 protein kinases function in the gene-regulation pathway of ABA signal transduction by phosphorylating ABA response element-binding factors. Plant J 44:939–949
Kwak JM, Moon JH, Murata Y, Kuchitsu K, Leonhardt N, DeLong A, Schroeder JI (2002) Disruption of a guard cell-expressed protein phosphatase 2A regulatory subunit, RCN1, confers abscisic acid insensitivity in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell 14:2849–2861
Leubner-Metzeger D, Meins F Jr (2000) Sense transformation reveals a novel role for class I beta-1, 3-glucanase in tobacco seed germination. Plant J 23:215–221
Leung J, Bouvier-Durand M, Morris P-C, Guerrier D, Chefdor F, Giraudat J (1994) Arabidopsis ABA response gene ABI1: features of a calcium-modulated protein phosphatase. Science 264:1448–1452
Leung J, Merlot S, Giraudat J (1997) The Arabidopsis ABSCISIC ACID-INSENSITIVE2 (ABI2) and ABI1 genes encode homologous protein phosphatases 2C involved in abscisic acid signal transduction. Plant Cell 9:759–771
Li J, Assmann SM (1996) An abscisic acid-activated and calcium-independent protein kinase from guard cells of fava bean. Plant Cell 8:2359–2368
Li J, Wang XQ, Watson MB, Assmann SM (2000) Regulation of abscisic acid-induced stomatal closure and anion channels by guard cell AAPK kinase. Science 287:300–303
Li J, Kinoshita T, Pandey S, Ng CK, Gygi SP, Shimazaki K, Assmann SM (2002) Modulation of a RNA-binding protein by abscisic acid-activated protein kinase. Nature 418:793–797
Lopez-Molina L, Chua NH (2000) A null mutation in a bZIP factor confers ABA-insensitivity in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Cell Physiol 41:541–547
Lopez-Molina L, Mongrand S, Chua NH (2001) A postgermination developmental arrest checkpoint is mediated by abscisic acid and requires the ABI5 transcription factor in Arabidopsis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98:4782–4787
Ludwig AA, Romeis T, Jones JD (2004) CDPK-mediated signaling pathways: specificity and cross-talk. J Exp Bot 55:181–188
McCartney R, Schmidt C (2001) Regulation of Snf1 kinase. J Biol Chem 276:36460–36466
Merlot S, Gosti F, Guerrier D, Vavasseur A, Giraudat J (2001) The ABI1 and ABI2 protein phosphatases 2C act in a negative feedback regulatory loop of the abscisic acid signaling pathway. Plant J 25:295–303
Mikolajczyk M, Awotunde OS, Muszynska G, Klessig DF, Dobrowolska G (2000) Osmotic stress induces rapid activation of a salicylic acid-induced protein kinase and a homologue of protein kinase ASK1 in tobacco cells. Plant Cell 12:165–178
Monks DE, Aghoram K, Courtney PD, DeWald DB, Dewey RE (2001) Hyperosmotic stress induces the rapid phosphorylation of a soybean phosphatidylinositol transfer protein homolog through activation of the protein kinases SPK1 and SPK2. Plant Cell 13:1205–1219
Mustilli AC, Merlot S, Vavasseur A, Fenzi F, Giraudat J (2002) Arabidopsis OST1 protein kinase mediates the regulation of stomatal aperture by abscisic acid and acts upstream of reactive oxygen species production. Plant Cell 14:3089–3099
Neville DC, Rozanas CR, Price EM, Gruis DB, Verkman AS, Townsend RR (1997) Evidence for phosphorylation of serine 753 in CFTR using a novel metal-ion affinity resin and matrix-assisted laser desorption mass spectrometry. Protein Sci 6:2436–2445
Ohta M, Guo Y, Halfter U, Zhu JK (2003) A novel domain in the protein kinase SOS2 mediates interaction with the protein phosphatase 2C ABI2. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100:11771–11776
Schiestl RH, Gietz RD (1989) High efficiency transformation of intact yeast cells using single standard nucleic acids as a carrier. Curr Genet 16:339–346
Schinkmannn K, Blenis J (1997) Cloning and characterization of a human STE20-like protein kinase with unusual cofactor requirements. J Biol Chem 272:28695–28703
Sheen J (1996) Ca2+-dependent protein kinases and stress signal transduction in plants. Science 274:1900–1902
Sheen J (1998) Mutational analysis of protein phosphatase 2C involved in abscisic acid signal transduction in higher plants. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95:975–980
Shi J, Kim KN, Ritz O, Albrecht V, Gupta R, Harter K, Luan S, Kudla J (1999) Novel protein kinases associated with calcineurin B–like calcium sensors in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell 11:2393–2406
Su J-Y, Erikson E, Maller JL (1996) Cloning and characterization of a novel ser/thr protein kinase expressed in early xenopus embryos. J Biol Chem 271:14430–14437
Umezawa T, Yoshida R, Maruyama K, Yamaguchi-Shinozaki K, Shinozaki K (2004) SRK2C, a SNF1-related protein kinase 2, improves drought tolerance by controlling stress-responsive gene expression in Arabidopsis thaliana. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101:17306–17311
Uno Y, Furihata T, Abe H, Yoshida R, Shinozaki K, Yamaguchi-Shinozaki K (2000) Arabidopsis basic leucine zipper transcription factors involved in an abscisic acid-dependent signal transduction pathway under drought and high-salinity conditions. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97:11632–11637
Vincent O, Townley R, Kuchin S, Carlson M (2001) Subcellular localization of the Snf1 kinase is regulated by specific beta subunits and a novel glucose signaling mechanism. Gene Dev 15:1104–1114
Yamauchi D, Zentella R, Ho TH (2002) Molecular analysis of the barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) gene encoding the protein kinase PKABA1 capable of suppressing gibberellin action in aleurone layers. Planta 215:319–326
Yoon HW, Kim MC, Shin PG, Kim JS, Kim CY, Lee SY, Hwang I, Bahk JD, Hong JC, Han C, Cho MJ (1997) Differential expression of two functional serine/threonine protein kinases from soybean that have an unusual acidic domain at the carboxy terminus. Mol Gen Genet 255:359–371
Yoshida R, Hobo T Ichimura K, Mizoguchi T, Takahashi F, Aronso J, Ecker JR, Shinozaki K (2002) ABA-activated SnRK2 protein kinase is required for dehydration stress signaling in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell Physiol 43:1473–1483
Yoshida R, Umezawa T, Mizoguchi T, Takahashi S, Takahashi F, Shinozaki K (2006) The regulatory domain of SRK2E/OST1/SnRK2.6 interacts with ABI1 and integrates abscisic acid (ABA) and osmotic stress signals controlling stomatal closure in Arabidopsis. J Biol Chem 281:5310–5318
Zhu JK (2002) Salt and drought stress signal transduction in plants. Annu Rev Plant Biol 53:247–273
Acknowledegments
We thank Drs. T. Hattori and H. Mori (Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan) for critical comments and valuable discussions on the manuscript. We thank Hee Han for technical assistance of purification of GST-proteins; Jin Hee Lee and Jong Bok Seo for assistance of MALDI-PSD analysis; Dr. S. H. Cho (Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea) for providing pCAM1300smGFP vector. This work was supported by the National Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, and by the Technology Development Program for Agriculture and Forestry funded by Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry (to I. S. Yoon). It was also supported, in part, by the Crop Functional Genomics Center (grant no. CG2211 to S.C.S.) of the 21C Frontier Program funded by Ministry of Science and Technology of Korea.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Electronic supplementary material
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Chae, MJ., Lee, JS., Nam, MH. et al. A rice dehydration-inducible SNF1-related protein kinase 2 phosphorylates an abscisic acid responsive element-binding factor and associates with ABA signaling. Plant Mol Biol 63, 151–169 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11103-006-9079-x
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11103-006-9079-x