Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Employment of cascaded coupled resonators for resolution enhancement in plasmonic refractive index sensors

  • Published:
Optical and Quantum Electronics Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

A very high resolution refractive index optical sensor is proposed in this paper. It is based on metal–insulator–metal plasmonic waveguides. The structure is numerically simulated using finite difference time domain method. The suggested plasmonic topology is conceived upon a waveguide which is laterally coupled with cascaded coupled concentric ring and disk resonators. It acts as a filter with a quality factor of 298.6. The sensor provides a sensitivity equal to 640.6 nm/RIU and a maximum figure of merit (FoM) of 287.9 RIU−1 which is the highest FoM reported for plasmonic refractive index sensors. It is observed that a ± 0.001 change in refractive index of the analyte for index the range of 1–1.13 can easily be detected by this sensor. The small required footprint, simple, modular topology and its good resolution are the benefits of the proposed structure.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Akhavan, A., et al.: Plasmon-induced transparency based on a triangle cavity coupled with an ellipse-ring resonator. Appl. Opt. 56(34), 9556–9563 (2017)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Akhavan, A., et al.: Metal–insulator–metal waveguide-coupled asymmetric resonators for sensing and slow light applications. IET Optoelectron. 12(5), 220–227 (2018)

    Google Scholar 

  • Alipour-Banaei, H., et al.: A high Q design for N-channel wavelength division demultiplexer. J. Opt. Commun. 32(4), 211–216 (2011)

    Google Scholar 

  • Armaghani, S., Khani, S., Danaie, M.: Design of all-optical graphene switches based on a Mach-Zehnder interferometer employing optical Kerr effect. Superlattices Microstruct. 135, 106244 (2019)

    Google Scholar 

  • Bahramipanah, M., et al.: Ultracompact plasmonic loop–stub notch filter and sensor. Sens. Actuators B Chem. 194, 311–318 (2014)

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen, F., Yao, D.: Realizing of plasmon Fano resonance with a metal nanowall moving along MIM waveguide. Opt. Commun. 369, 72–78 (2016)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Chen, J., et al.: Coupled-resonator-induced Fano resonances for plasmonic sensing with ultra-high figure of merits. Plasmonics 8(4), 1627–1631 (2013)

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen, Z., et al.: Tunable high quality factor in two multimode plasmonic stubs waveguide. Sci. Rep. 6, 24446 (2016a)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Chen, L., et al.: Numerical analysis of a near-infrared plasmonic refractive index sensor with high figure of merit based on a fillet cavity. Opt. Express 24(9), 9975–9983 (2016b)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Chorsi, H.T., et al.: Tunable plasmonic substrates with ultrahigh Q-factor resonances. Sci. Rep. 7(1), 15985 (2017)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Chrostowski, L., Hochberg, M.: Silicon Photonics Design: From Devices to Systems. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (2015)

    Google Scholar 

  • Cui, L., et al.: Tunable band-stop plasmonic filter based on symmetrical tooth-shaped waveguide couples. Mod. Phys. Lett. B 27(14), 1350101 (2013)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Danaee, E., Geravand, A., Danaie, M.: Wide-band low cross-talk photonic crystal waveguide intersections using self-collimation phenomenon. Opt. Commun. 431, 216–228 (2019)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Danaie, M., Geravand, A.: Design of low-cross-talk metal–insulator–metal plasmonic waveguide intersections based on proposed cross-shaped resonators. J. Nanophotonics 12(4), 046009 (2018)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Danaie, M., Kiani, B.: Design of a label-free photonic crystal refractive index sensor for biomedical applications. Photonics Nanostruct. Fundam. Appl. 31, 89–98 (2018)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Danaie, M., Shahzadi, A.: Design of a high-resolution metal–insulator–metal plasmonic refractive index sensor based on a ring-shaped Si resonator. Plasmonics 14(6), 1453–1465 (2019)

    Google Scholar 

  • Danaie, M., Attari, A.R., Mirsalehi, M.M., Naseh, S.: Optimization of two-dimensional photonic crystal waveguides for TE and TM polarizations. Opt. Appl. 38(4), 643–655 (2008)

    Google Scholar 

  • Danaie, M., Geravand, A., Mohammadi, S.: Photonic crystal double-coupled cavity waveguides and their application in design of slow-light delay lines. Photonics Nanostruct. Fundam. Appl. 28, 61–69 (2018)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Farmani, A., et al.: Highly sensitive nano-scale plasmonic biosensor utilizing Fano resonance metasurface in THz range: numerical study. Physica E 104, 233–240 (2018)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Geravand, A., Danaie, M., Mohammadi, S.: All-optical photonic crystal memory cells based on cavities with a dual-argument hysteresis feature. Opt. Commun. 430, 323–335 (2019)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Ghadrdan, M., Mansouri-Birjandi, M.A.: Low-threshold photonic crystal all-optical switch using plasmonic nanowires placed in nonlinear resonator structure. J. Nanophotonics 11(3), 036017 (2017)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Ghorbani, S., Dashti, M.A., Jabbari, M.: Plasmonic nano-sensor based on metal-dielectric-metal waveguide with the octagonal cavity ring. Laser Phys. 28(6), 066208 (2018)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Hajshahvaladi, L., Kaatuzian, H., Danaie, M.: Design and analysis of a plasmonic demultiplexer based on band-stop filters using double-nanodisk-shaped resonators. Opt. Quant. Electron. 51(12), 391 (2019)

    Google Scholar 

  • Khani, S., et al.: Adjustable compact dual-band microstrip bandpass filter using T-shaped resonators. Microwave Opt. Technol. Lett. 59(12), 2970–2975 (2017)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Khani, S., Danaie, M., Rezaei, P.: Double and triple-wavelength plasmonic demultiplexers based on improved circular nanodisk resonators. Opt. Eng. 57(10), 107102 (2018a)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Khani, S., et al.: Tunable compact microstrip dual-band bandpass filter with tapered resonators. Microwave Opt. Technol. Lett. 60(5), 1256–1261 (2018b)

    Google Scholar 

  • Khani, S., Danaie, M., Rezaei, P.: Size reduction of MIM surface plasmon based optical bandpass filters by the introduction of arrays of silver nano-rods. Physica E 113, 25–34 (2019a)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Khani, S., Danaie, M., Rezaei, P.: Tunable single-mode bandpass filter based on metal–insulator–metal plasmonic coupled U-shaped cavities. IET Optoelectron. 13(4), 161–171 (2019b)

    Google Scholar 

  • Khani, S., Danaie, M., Rezaei, P.: Miniaturized microstrip dual-band bandpass filter with wide upper stop-band bandwidth. Analog Integr. Circuits Signal Process. 98(2), 367–376 (2019c)

    Google Scholar 

  • Khani, S., Danaie, M., Rezaei, P.: Design of a single-mode plasmonic bandpass filter using a hexagonal resonator coupled to graded-stub waveguides. Plasmonics 14(1), 53–62 (2019d)

    Google Scholar 

  • Khani, S., Danaie, M., Rezaei, P.: All-optical plasmonic switches based on asymmetric directional couplers incorporating Bragg gratings. Plasmonics 1, 1–11 (2019e). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11468-019-01106-5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kwon, S.-H.: Deep subwavelength-scale metal–insulator–metal plasmonic disk cavities for refractive index sensors. IEEE Photonics J. 5(1), 4800107 (2013)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Lu, H., et al.: Tunable band-pass plasmonic waveguide filters with nanodisk resonators. Opt. Express 18(17), 17922–17927 (2010)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Ma, Y., et al.: Hybrid nanowedge plasmonic waveguide for low loss propagation with ultra-deep-subwavelength mode confinement. Opt. Lett. 39(4), 973–976 (2014)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Maier, S.A., Atwater, H.A.: Plasmonics: localization and guiding of electromagnetic energy in metal/dielectric structures. J. Appl. Phys. 98(1), 10 (2005)

    Google Scholar 

  • Malmir, K., Habibiyan, H., Ghafoorifard, H.: An ultrasensitive optical label-free polymeric biosensor based on concentric triple microring resonators with a central microdisk resonator. Opt. Commun. 365, 150–156 (2016)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Mishra, A.K., Mishra, S.K., Singh, A.P.: Giant infrared sensitivity of surface plasmon resonance-based refractive index sensor. Plasmonics 13(4), 1183–1190 (2018)

    Google Scholar 

  • Mohammadnejad, S., Chaykandi, Z.F., Bahrami, A.: MMI-based simultaneous all-optical XOR–NAND–OR and XNOR–NOT multilogic gate for phase-based signals. IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 50(12), 1–5 (2014)

    Google Scholar 

  • Mohammed, N.A., et al.: High-sensitivity ultra-quality factor and remarkable compact blood components biomedical sensor based on nanocavity coupled photonic crystal. Results Phys. 14, 102478 (2019)

    Google Scholar 

  • Moradi, M., Danaie, M., Orouji, A.A.: Design and analysis of an optical full-adder based on nonlinear photonic crystal ring resonators. Optik 172, 127–136 (2018)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Moradi, M., Danaie, M., Orouji, A.A.: Design of all-optical XOR and XNOR logic gates based on Fano resonance in plasmonic ring resonators. Opt. Quant. Electron. 51(5), 154 (2019)

    Google Scholar 

  • Nasirifar, R., Danaie, M., Dideban, A.: Dual channel optical fiber refractive index sensor based on surface plasmon resonance. Optik 186, 194–204 (2019)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Nezhad, V.F., Abaslou, S., Abrishamian, M.S.: Plasmonic band-stop filter with asymmetric rectangular ring for WDM networks. J. Opt. 15(5), 055007 (2013)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Rafiee, E., Negahdari, R., Emami, F.: Plasmonic multi channel filter based on split ring resonators: application to photothermal therapy. Photonics Nanostruct. Fundam. Appl. 33, 21–28 (2019)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Rakhshani, M.R., Mansouri-Birjandi, M.A.: Dual wavelength demultiplexer based on metal–insulator–metal plasmonic circular ring resonators. J. Mod. Opt. 63(11), 1078–1086 (2016a)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Rakhshani, M.R., Mansouri-Birjandi, M.A.: High-sensitivity plasmonic sensor based on metal–insulator–metal waveguide and hexagonal-ring cavity. IEEE Sens. J. 16(9), 3041–3046 (2016b)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Rakhshani, M.R., Mansouri-Birjandi, M.A.: High sensitivity plasmonic refractive index sensing and its application for human blood group identification. Sens. Actuators B Chem. 249, 168–176 (2017a)

    Google Scholar 

  • Rakhshani, M.R., Mansouri-Birjandi, M.A.: Utilizing the metallic nano-rods in hexagonal configuration to enhance sensitivity of the plasmonic racetrack resonator in sensing application. Plasmonics 12(4), 999–1006 (2017b)

    Google Scholar 

  • Rakhshani, M.R., Mansouri-Birjandi, M.A.: Engineering hexagonal array of nanoholes for high sensitivity biosensor and application for human blood group detection. IEEE Trans. Nanotechnol. 17(3), 475–481 (2018)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Rashed, A.R., et al.: Highly-sensitive refractive index sensing by near-infrared metatronic nanocircuits. Sci. Rep. 8(1), 11457 (2018)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Song, C., et al.: Plasmonic tunable filter based on trapezoid resonator waveguide. J. Mod. Opt. 62(17), 1400–1404 (2015)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Tang, Y., et al.: Refractive index sensor based on Fano resonances in metal-insulator-metal waveguides coupled with resonators. Sensors 17(4), 784 (2017)

    Google Scholar 

  • Tong, L., et al.: Recent advances in plasmonic sensors. Sensors 14(5), 7959–7973 (2014)

    Google Scholar 

  • Veronis, G., Fan, S.: Theoretical investigation of compact couplers between dielectric slab waveguides and two-dimensional metal-dielectric-metal plasmonic waveguides. Opt. Express 15(3), 1211–1221 (2007)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, G., et al.: Optical bistability in metal-insulator-metal plasmonic waveguide with nanodisk resonator containing Kerr nonlinear medium. Appl. Opt. 50(27), 5287–5290 (2011)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, L., et al.: A refractive index sensor based on an analogy T shaped metal–insulator–metal waveguide. Optik 172, 1199–1204 (2018)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Wei, Z., et al.: Optical band-stop filter and multi-wavelength channel selector with plasmonic complementary aperture embedded in double-ring resonator. Photonics Nanostruct. Fundam. Appl. 23, 45–49 (2017)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Wu, T., Cao, W.: A multifunction filter based on plasmonic waveguide with double-nanodisk-shaped resonators. Optik 127(20), 8976–8982 (2016)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Wu, T., et al.: The sensing characteristics of plasmonic waveguide with a ring resonator. Opt. Express 22(7), 7669–7677 (2014)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Wu, T., et al.: A nanometeric temperature sensor based on plasmonic waveguide with an ethanol-sealed rectangular cavity. Opt. Commun. 339, 1–6 (2015)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Wu, C., et al.: Plasmon-induced transparency and refractive index sensing in side-coupled stub-hexagon resonators. Plasmonics 13(1), 251–257 (2018)

    Google Scholar 

  • Xie, Y.-Y., et al.: A novel plasmonic sensor based on metal–insulator–metal waveguide with side-coupled hexagonal cavity. IEEE Photonics J. 7(2), 1–12 (2015)

    Google Scholar 

  • Yan, S.-B., et al.: A refractive index sensor based on a metal–insulator–metal waveguide-coupled ring resonator. Sensors 15(11), 29183–29191 (2015)

    Google Scholar 

  • Yu, Y., et al.: Plasmonic wavelength splitter based on a metal–insulator–metal waveguide with a graded grating coupler. Opt. Lett. 42(2), 187–190 (2017)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Yun, B., Guohua, H., Cui, Y.: Resonant mode analysis of the nanoscale surface plasmon polariton waveguide filter with rectangle cavity. Plasmonics 8(2), 267–275 (2013)

    Google Scholar 

  • Zafar, R., Salim, M.: Enhanced figure of merit in Fano resonance-based plasmonic refractive index sensor. IEEE Sens. J. 15(11), 6313–6317 (2015)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, Z., et al.: Fano resonance based on metal-insulator-metal waveguide-coupled double rectangular cavities for plasmonic nanosensors. Sensors 16(5), 642 (2016a)

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, X., Shao, M., Zeng, X.: High quality plasmonic sensors based on Fano resonances created through cascading double asymmetric cavities. Sensors 16(10), 1730 (2016b)

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, Z., et al.: Plasmonic refractive index sensor with high figure of merit based on concentric-rings resonator. Sensors 18(1), 116 (2018)

    Google Scholar 

  • Zou, S., et al.: A nanoscale refractive index sensor based on asymmetric plasmonic waveguide with a ring resonator: a review. IEEE Sens. J. 15(2), 646–650 (2015)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank the reviewers sincerely for their valuable comments.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran

    Mahdiye Rahmatiyar, Mohammad Danaie & Majid Afsahi

Authors
  1. Mahdiye Rahmatiyar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Mohammad Danaie
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Majid Afsahi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Mohammad Danaie.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Rahmatiyar, M., Danaie, M. & Afsahi, M. Employment of cascaded coupled resonators for resolution enhancement in plasmonic refractive index sensors. Opt Quant Electron 52, 153 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-020-02266-z

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-020-02266-z

Keywords

Search

Navigation