Abstract
To understand what cause the low performance in a perovskite cell with graphene back contact, we have performed simulations of device characteristics using SCAPs-1D simulation platform. The impact of increasing defect concentration at the interface of perovskite/graphene (RGO) and also graphene thickness on the current density, voltage, fill factor, and conversion efficiency of the cell was investigated. We converted the graphene nanostructure to a planar p-type layer at the top side of the cell as a hole transporting layer in order to enable to insert it into the SCAPS simulation platform. The simulation analysis were compared to the experimental data reported in literature. The voltage and fill factor of the simulation and experiments are almost the same but the current density is showing to be higher in simulation analysis which reminds a imperfect thickness and absorption by the graphene layer. Graphene was also compared to Spiro-MeOTAD showing to be a promising materials to act as both hole transporting layer and back contact. The experimental process could be improved by looking at our results as a method to fabricate a high performance cell with graphene electrode. It is shown that such a hybrid structure suffers from imperfect interface at graphene and perovskite junction where a high concentration of trap density impedes the carrier collection.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ansari, Z.A., Singh, T.J., Islam, S.M., Singh, S., Mahala, P., Khan, A., Singh, K.J.: Photovoltaic solar cells based on graphene/gallium arsenide Schottky junction. Optik Int J Light Electron Opt 182, 500–506 (2019)
Basith, M.A., Ahsan, R., Zarin, I., Jalil, M.A.: Enhanced photocatalytic dye degradation and hydrogen production ability of Bi25 FeO40 -rGO nanocomposite and mechanism insight. Sci. Rep. 8(1), 11090 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-29402-w
Batmunkh, M., Shearer, C.J., Biggs, M.J., Shapter, J.G.: Solution processed graphene structures for perovskite solar cells. J. Mater. Chem. A 4, 2605–2616 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1039/c5ta08996d
Chowdhury, T.H., Akhtaruzzaman, M., Kayesha, M., Kaneko, R., et al.: Low temperature processed inverted planar perovskite solar cells by r-GO/ CuSCN hole-transport bilayer with improved stability. Solar Energy 171, 652–657 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2018.07.022
Houshmand, M., Zandi, M., Gorji, N.E.: Degradation & device physics modeling of SWCNT/CdTe thin film photovoltaics. Superlattices Microstruct. 88, 365–370 (2016)
Iqbal, T., Haqnawaz, M., Sultan, M., Tahir, M.B., et al.: Novel graphene-based transparent electrodes for perovskite solar cells. Int. J. Energy Res. 42(13), 1–9 (2018)
Jang, C.W., Kim, J.M., Choi, S.-H.: Lamination-produced semi-transparent/flexible perovskite solar cells with doped-graphene anode and cathode. J. Alloys Compd. 775, 905–911 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2018.10.190
Kakavelakis, G., Kymakis, E., Petridis, K.: 2D materials beyond graphene for metal halide perovskite solar cells. Adv. Mater. Interfaces 5, 1800339 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1002/admi.201800339
Kuhn, L., Gorji, N.E.: Review on the graphene/nanotube application in thin film solar cells. Mater. Lett. 171, 323–326 (2016) (featured letter)
Lang, F., Gluba, M.A., Albrecht, S., Rappich, J., Korte, L., Rech, B., Nickel, N.H.: Perovskite solar cells with large-area CVD-graphene for tandem solar cells. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 6, 2745–2750 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpclett.5b01177
Lee, D.-Y., Na, S.-I., Kim, S.-S.: Graphene oxide/PEDOT:PSS composite hole transport layer for efficient and stable planar heterojunction perovskite solar cells. Nanoscale 8, 1513–1522 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1039/c5nr05271h
Milic, J.V., Arora, N., Dar, M., Zakeeruddin, ShM, Grätzel, M.: Reduced graphene oxide as a stabilizing agent in perovskite solar cells. Adv. Mater. Interfaces 5, 1800416 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1002/admi.201800416
Minemoto, T., Murat, M.: Device modeling of perovskite solar cells based on structural similarity with thin film inorganic semiconductor solar cells. J. Appl. Phys. 116, 054505 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4891982
Minemoto, T., Murata, M.: Impact of work function of back contact of perovskite solar cells without hole transport material analyzed by device simulation. Curr. Appl. Phys. 14, 1428–1433 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cap.2014.08.002
Najafi, L., Taheri, B., Martín-García, B., Bellani, S., Girolamo, D., et al.: \(\text{ MoS }_2\) quantum dot/graphene hybrids for advanced interface engineering of a \(\text{CH}_3\text{NH}_3\text{PbI}_3\) perovskite solar cell with an efficiency of over 20%. ACS Nano 12(11), 10736–10754 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.8b05514
Palma, A.L., Cinàa, L., Pescetelli, S., et al.: Reduced graphene oxide as efficient and stable hole transporting material in mesoscopic perovskite solar cells. Nano Energy 22, 349–360 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2016.02.027
Wang, Ch., Tang, Y., Hu, Y., Huang, L., Fu, J., Jin, J., Shi, W.: Graphene/\(\text{SrTiO}_3\) nanocomposites used as an effective electron-transporting layer for highperformance perovskite solar cells. RSC Adv. 5, 52041–52047 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1039/c5ra09001f
Yang, Y., Xiao, J., Wei, H., Zhu, L., Li, D., et al.: An all-carbon counter electrode for highly efficient hole-conductor-free organo-metal perovskite solar cells. RSC Adv. 4, 52825–52830 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1039/c4ra09519g
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Kang, A.K., Zandi, M.H. & Gorji, N.E. Simulation analysis of graphene contacted perovskite solar cells using SCAPS-1D. Opt Quant Electron 51, 91 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-019-1802-3
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-019-1802-3