Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Scenario simulation of the geohazard dynamic process of large-scale landslides: a case study of the Xiaomojiu landslide along the Jinsha River

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Natural Hazards Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Large-scale landslides often cause severe damage due to their long run-out distances and having disaster chain effects. Scenario simulation has been adopted in the current work in order to analyze the Xiaomojiu landslide dynamic processes. The landslide characteristics and topography data are obtained via field investigations, whereas high-resolution topographic data (0.17 m) are obtained using an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle. The landslide sliding velocity, deposition characteristics, and flood outburst after a landslide dam failure were obtained using Particle Flow Code (PFC-3D) which introduced the changeable friction coefficient and the HEC-RAS software. The results showed that: 1. The landslide presents a scallop shape with a length of 1110 m, an average width of 950 m, and an area of 1.05 × 106 m2. The average thickness and volume of the sliding body are approximately 50 m and 5.45 × 107 m3. The InSAR (Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar) deformation analysis showed that the Xiaomojiu landslide has a maximum annual displacement rate of 60 mm/y and a maximum accumulation deformation of 180 mm since November 25, 2017. 2. The failure process of the Xiaomojiu landslide lasted for 65 s with a maximum velocity of 78.2 m/s. According to the landslide simulation results, the deposited area is approximately 2023 m long, 900 m wide, and has a maximum height of approximately 149 m. 3. A landslide-dammed lake with an elevation of 2940 m and a storage capacity of 4.13 × 109 m3 is formed after the landslide blocks the Jinsha River, and the maximum peak flow rate of the breach is 12051.7 m3/s, 43,451.4 m3/s, 148,635.6 m3/s, and 304,544.7 m3/s for the landslide-dammed failure degrees of 15%, 25%, 50%, and 75%, respectively. These results provide a reference for the risk analysis and mitigation of the landslide.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
Fig. 13
Fig. 14
Fig. 15
Fig. 16
Fig.17
Fig. 18

Similar content being viewed by others

Data availability

The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author, Jianqi Zhuang, upon reasonable request.

References

  • Aslan G, De Michele M, Raucoules D, Bernardie S, Cakir Z (2021) Transient motion of the largest landslide on earth, modulated by hydrological forces. Sci Rep 11:10407

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bandara S, Soga K (2015) Coupling of soil deformation and pore fluid flow using material point method. Comput Geotech 63:199–214

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Butt MJ, Umar M, Qamar R (2013) Landslide dam and subsequent dam-break flood estimation using HEC-RAS model in Northern Pakistan. Nat Hazards 65(1):241–254

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cao W, Yan DP, Qiu L, Zhang YX, Qiu JW (2015) Structural style and metamorphic conditions of the Jinshajiang metamorphic belt: nature of the Paleo-Jinshajiang orogenic belt in the eastern Tibetan Plateau. J Asian Earth Sci 113(2):748–765

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chen J, Dai FC, Lv TY, Cui ZJ (2013) Holocene landslide-dammed lake deposits in the upper Jinsha River SE Tibetan Plateau their ages. Quat Int 298:107–113

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cui P, Zhu YY, Han YS, Chen XQ, Zhuang JQ (2009) The 12 May Wenchuan earthquake-induced landslide lakes: distribution and preliminary risk evaluation. Landslides 6(3):209–223

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cundall PA, Strack ODL (1979) A discrete numerical model for granular assemblies. Geotechnique 29(1):47–65

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Delaney KB, Evans SG (2016) The 2000 Yigong landslide (Tibetan Plateau), rockslide-dammed lake and outburst flood: review, remote sensing analysis, and process modelling. Geomorphology 246:377–390

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Deng Y, Yan SX, Scaringi G, Liu W, He SM (2020) An empirical power density-based friction law and its implications for coherent landslide mobility. Geophys Res Lett, 47(11): e2020GL087581

  • Dong JJ, Yang CM, Yu WL, Lee CT, Miyamoto Y, Shimamoto T (2013) Velocity-displacement dependent friction coefficient and the kinematics of giant landslide. Earthquake-induced landslides pp:397–403.

  • Fan X, Xu Q, Scaringi G, Dai L, Havenith HB (2017) Failure mechanism and kinematics of the deadly June 24th 2017 Xinmo landslide, Maoxian, Sichuan China. Landslides 14(3):2129–2146

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fan XM, Dufresne A, Subramanian SS, Strom A, Hermanns R, Stefanelli CT, Hewitt K, Yunus AP, Dunning S, Capra L, Geertsema M, Miller B, Casagli N, Jansen JD, Xu Q (2020a) The formation and impact of landslide dams–State of the art. Earth Sci Rev 203:10316

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fan X, Yang F, Siva Subramanian S, Xu Q, Feng ZT, Mavrouli O, Peng M, Ouyang CJ, Jansen JD, Huang RQ (2020b) Prediction of a multi-hazard chain by an integrated numerical simulation approach: the Baige landslide, Jinsha River, China. Landslides 17:147–164

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ge YF, Tang HM, Eldin M, Chen HZ, Zhong P, Zhang L, Fang K (2019) Deposit characteristics of the Jiweishan rapid long-runout landslide based on field investigation and numerical modeling. Bull Eng Geol Env 78(6):4383–4396

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Guo CB, Montgomery DR, Zhang YS, Zhong N, Fan C, Wu RA, Yang ZH, Ding YY, Jin JJ, Yan YQ (2020a) Evidence for repeated failure of the giant Yigong landslide on the edge of the Tibetan Plateau. Sci Rep 10:14371

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Guo ZZ, Chen LX, Yin KL, Shrestha DP, Zhang, (2020b) Quantitative risk assessment of slow-moving landslides from the viewpoint of decision-making: a case study of the three gorges reservoir in china. Eng Geol 273:105667

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Han R, Shimamoto T, Hirose T, Ree JH, Ando JI (2007) Ultralow friction of carbonate faults caused by thermal decomposition. Science 316(5826):878–881

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Han R, Hirose T, Shimamoto T (2010) Strong velocity weakening and powder lubrication of simulated carbonate faults at seismic slip rates. J Geophys Res: Solid Earth 115:B3

    Google Scholar 

  • He SM, Li W, Wang J (2015) Dynamic simulation of landslide based on thermo-poro-elastic approach. Comput Geosci 85:81–90

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hydrologic Engineering Center (2012) HEC-RAS User's Manual 4.1. Davis CA: US army corps of engineer.

  • Itasca Consulting Group Inc (2006) PFC3D user′s manual. Itasca Consulting Group Inc, Minneapolis, USA

    Google Scholar 

  • Korup O, Seidemann J, Mohr CH (2019) Increased landslide activity on forested hillslopes following two recent volcanic eruptions in Chile. Nat Geosci 12:284–289

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Li K, Cheng Y, Fan X (2018) Roles of model size and particle size distribution on macro-mechanical properties of Lac du Bonnet granite using flat-joint model. Comput Geotech 103:43–60

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liu W, He SM, Li XP, Xu Q (2015) Two-dimensional landslide dynamic simulation based on a velocity-weakening friction law. Landslides 13(5):1–9

    Google Scholar 

  • Liu W, Ju NP, Zhang Z, Chen Z, He SM (2020) Simulating the process of the Jinshajiang Landslide-caused disaster chain in October 2018. Bull Eng Geol Env 79(1):2189–2199

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liu WM, Carling PA, Hu KH, Wang H, Zhou Z, Zhou LQ, Liu DZ, Lai ZP, Zhang XB (2019) Outburst floods in China: a review. Earth-Sci Rev 197:102895

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liu X, Zhao C, Zhang Q, Lu Z, Li Z, Yang C, Zhu W, Jing L, Chen L, Liu C (2021) Integration of sentinel-1 and ALOS/PALSAR-2 SAR datasets for mapping active landslides along the Jinsha River corridor, China. Eng Geol 284:106033

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Loreto MF, Pagnoni G, Pettenati F, Armigliato A, Tinti S, Sandron D, Brutto F, Muto F, Facchin L, Zgur F (2017) Reconstructed seismic and tsunami scenarios of the 1905 Calabria earthquake (SE Tyrrhenian sea) as a tool for geohazard assessment. Eng Geol 224:1–14

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lucas A, Mangeney A, Ampuero J (2014) Frictional velocity-weakening in landslides on Earth and on other planetary bodies. Nat Commun 5:3417

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mao J, Liu XN, Zhang C, Jia GX, Zhao LH (2020) Runout prediction and deposit characteristics investigation by the distance potential-based discrete element method: the 2018 baige landslides, Jinsha river. China Landslides 18(1):235–249

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pastor M, Blanc T, Haddad B, Drempetic V, Morles MS, Martin Stickle PM, Mira P, Fernández Merodo JA (2015) Depth averaged models for fast landslide propagation: mathematical, rheological and numerical aspects. Arch Comput Methods Eng 22(1):1–38

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sarma CP, Dey A, Krishna AM (2020) Influence of digital elevation models on the simulation of rainfall-induced landslides in the hillslopes of Guwahati India. Eng Geol 268:105523

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sun XP, He SM, Gao CF, Liu BH (2017) Discrete element numerical analysis of niujuangou landslide. J Lanzhou Univ (nat Sci) 53(1):48–53

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang Y, Zhuang JQ, LiW ZY, Jia YJ (2018) Discrete element simulation of instability and movement process of loess slope under seismic load. J Eng Geol 26(5):1139–1154

    Google Scholar 

  • Yang CM, Yu WL, Dong JJ, Kuo CY, Shimamoto T, Lee CT, Togo T, Miyamoto T (2014) Initiation, movement, and run-out of the giant Tsaoling landslide-What can we learn from a simple rigid block model and a velocity–displacement dependent friction law. Eng Geol 182:158–181

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yao L, Ma S, Shimamoto T, Togo T (2013) Structures and high-velocity frictional properties of the Pingxi fault zone in the Longmenshan fault system, Sichuan, China, activated during the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake. Tectonophysics 599:135–156

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yin YP, Xing AG, Wang GH, Feng Z, Li B, Jiang Y (2016) Experimental and numerical investigations of a catastrophic long-runout landslide in Zhenxiong, Yunnan Southwestern China. Landslides 14(2):1–11

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhang H, Oskin ME, Liu Z, Zhang PZ, Reiners PW, Xiao P (2016) Pulsed exhumation of interior eastern Tibet: Implications for relief generation mechanisms and the origin of high-elevation planation surfaces. Earth Planet Sci Lett 449:176–185

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang XR, Yin KL, Xia H, Li Y (2017) Influence of permeability coefficient and reservoir water level fluctuation on xiaping landslide stability. J Eng Geol 25(2):488–495

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhang DQ, Jiang XY, Zou NN, Luo BJ (2019a) Numerical analysis of colluvial landslide stability under the effect of rainfall infiltration: taking darong landslide of Guizhou province for an example. Sci Technol Eng 19(26):338–344

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhang M, Wu LZ, Zhang JC, Li LP (2019b) The 2009 Jiweishan rock avalanche, Wulong, China: deposit characteristics and implications for its fragmentation. Landslides 16(5):893–906

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang SL, Yin YP, Hu XW, Wang WP, Zhang N, Zhu SN, Wang LQ (2020) Dynamics and emplacement mechanisms of the successive Baige landslides on the upper reaches of the Jinsha river China. Eng Geol 278:105819

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhao S, Chigira M, Wu X (2019) Gigantic rockslides induced by fluvial incision in the diexi area along the eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau. Geomorphology 338(1):27–42

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhao C, Kang Y, Qin Z, Wu Z, Li B (2016) Landslide detection and monitoring with InSAR technique over upper reaches of Jinsha River, China. In, 2016 IEEE international geoscience and remote sensing symposium (IGARSS) pp:2881–2884,

Download references

Funding

This study was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (41941019, 41922054), National Key Research and Development Plan Project (No. 2020YFC1512000), and Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities, CHD 300102260302. The authors thank AiMi Academic Services (www.aimieditor.com) for the English language editing and review services. The funders had no role in the design of the study and collection, analysis, and interpretation of data and in writing or approving the manuscript.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. College of Geological Engineering and Geomatics/Key Laboratory of Western China Mineral Resources and Geological Engineering, Chang’an University, Xi’an, 710054, Shaanxi, China

    Jianqi Zhuang, Kecheng Jia, Jiewei Zhan, Chenglong Zhang, Jiaxu Kong, Chenhui Du, Shibao Wang, Yanbo Cao & Jianbing Peng

  2. College of Land Engineering, Chang’an University, Xi’an, 710054, Shaanxi, China

    Yi Zhu

Authors
  1. Jianqi Zhuang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Kecheng Jia
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Jiewei Zhan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Yi Zhu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Chenglong Zhang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Jiaxu Kong
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Chenhui Du
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Shibao Wang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. Yanbo Cao
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  10. Jianbing Peng
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

Jianqi Zhuang, Kecheng Jia, and Jiewei Zhan designed the analysis, developed the model code, and performed analysis. Yi Zu, Chenglong Zhang, Jiaxu Kong, Chendui Du, Yanbo Cao, and Shibao Wang curated data and field investigations. Jianqi Zhuang and Jianbing Peng prepared the manuscript with contributions from all co-authors.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jianqi Zhuang.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare that are relevant to the content of this article.

Human and animal rights

This research does not involve human or animal participants.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Zhuang, J., Jia, K., Zhan, J. et al. Scenario simulation of the geohazard dynamic process of large-scale landslides: a case study of the Xiaomojiu landslide along the Jinsha River. Nat Hazards 112, 1337–1357 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-022-05229-7

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-022-05229-7

Keywords

Search

Navigation