Abstract
The purpose of this study was to reveal the characteristics and failure mechanism of an accumulation landslide (the Ludaping landslide) in the red beds of Maotai Town, Renhuai City, China, on June 12, 2015. Based on high-resolution digital orthophoto map (DOM) and digital elevation model (DEM) data obtained by an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) survey, terrain reconstruction was conducted before and after the landslide, and the basic characteristics and scale of the landslide were analyzed. A 3D particle flow program was used to simulate the landslide motion process and failure mechanism. The results show that the Ludaping landslide is a typical red bed accumulation landslide, with a normal projection area of 96,710 m2. The slide source area and deposit area have volumes of 36,104 m3 and 78,104 m3, respectively. The numerical simulation results show that the entire sliding process is approximately 90 s, and the main sliding time is approximately 70 s. The maximum average velocity is 7.3 m/s, and the average sliding displacement is 71.7 m. The simulation is consistent with the actual situation. The unfavorable geological foundation is formed by the slope’s adverse rock and soil structural combination. The tension of the middle slope body gradually increases during artificial excavation, and the back edge is strained and fractured. The middle and front slope bodies are sheared and unstable along the slope foot after significant rains. Following the instability of the middle front slope, the stress concentration of the middle and rear sliding slope toes, combined with rainfall and infiltration of the back pond on the weakening of the physical strength of rock and soil in the interface between the base and cover, and the overall instability, the enormous thrust force works on the front and middle slopes, causing them to slip twice. The research results have an important reference value for analyzing and identifying similar landslides in the red bed area.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
Owing to the nature of this research, the participants of this study did not agree that their data would be shared publicly, so supporting data are not available.
References
Adams SM, Levitan ML, Friedland CJ (2014) High resolution imagery collection for post disaster studies utilizing unmanned aircraft systems (UAS). Photogramm Eng Remote Sensing 80:1161–1168. https://doi.org/10.14358/pers.80.12.1161
Bolton MD, Nakata Y, Cheng YP (2008) Micro- and macro-mechanical behaviour of DEM crushable materials. Géotechnique 58:471–480. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.2008.58.6.471
Branco LHC, Segantine PCL (2015) MaNIAC-UAV - a methodology for automatic pavement defects detection using images obtained by Unmanned Aerial Vehicles. J Phys Conf Ser 633:012122. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/633/1/012122
Castro-Filgueira U, Alejano LR, Arzúa J, Ivars DM (2017) Sensitivity analysis of the micro-parameters used in a PFC analysis towards the mechanical properties of rocks. Procedia Eng 191:488–495. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2017.05.208
Chang K-T, Wan S, Lei T-C (2010) Development of a spatial decision support system for monitoring earthquake-induced landslides based on aerial photographs and the finite element method. Int J Appl Earth Obs Geoinf 12:448–456. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2010.06.002
Chang W, Wang P, Wang H, Chai S, Yu Y, Xu S (2021) Simulation of the Q2 loess slope with seepage fissure failure and seismic response via discrete element method. Bull Eng Geol Environ 80:3495–3511. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-021-02139-z
Chen J, Dai F, Xu L, Chen S, Wang P, Long W, Shen N (2014) Properties and microstructure of a natural slip zone in loose deposits of red beds, southwestern China. Eng Geol 183:53–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2014.10.004
Chen Z, Song D (2020) Numerical investigation of the recent Chenhecun landslide (Gansu, China) using the discrete element method. Nat Hazards 105:717–733. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-020-04333-w
Cundall PA, Hart RD (1992) Numerical modelling of discontinua. Eng Comput 9:101–113. https://doi.org/10.1108/eb023851
Ding M, Cai C, Qin H (2012) Accumulation landslide stability analysis based on FLAC numerical simulation. Disast Adv 5:1783–1790
Fan X, Xu Q, Zhang Z, Meng D, Tang R (2008) Study on genetic mechanism of translational landslide. Chin J Rock Mech Eng 27:3753–3759
Fan X-M, Xu Q, Zhang Z-Y, Meng D-S, Tang R (2009) The genetic mechanism of a translational landslide. Bull Eng Geol Environ 68:231–244. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-009-0194-1
Fernández-Hernandez J, González-Aguilera D, Rodríguez-Gonzálvez P, Mancera-Taboada J (2015) Image-based modelling from unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) photogrammetry: an effective, low-cost tool for archaeological applications. Archae-Ometry 57:128–145. https://doi.org/10.1111/arcm.12078
Franke KW, Rollins KM, Ledezma C, Hedengren JD, Wolfe D, Ruggles S, Bender C, Reimschiissel B (2017) Reconnaissance of two liquefaction sites using small unmanned aerial vehicles and structure from motion computer vision following the April 1, 2014 Chile Earthquake. J Geotech Geoenviron, 143https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)gt.1943-5606.0001647
Garnica-Peña RJ, Alcántara-Ayala I (2021) The use of UAVs for landslide disaster risk research and disaster risk management: a literature review. J Mt Sci 18:482–498. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11629-020-6467-7
Gischig V, Amann F, Moore JR, Loew S, Eisenbeiss H, Stempfhuber W (2011) Composite rock slope kinematics at the current Randa instability, Switzerland, based on remote sensing and numerical modeling. Eng Geol 118:37–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2010.11.006
Hai-bo M, Kun-long Y, Gong-hui W (2016) Dynamic mechanism of intermittent reactivation of deep-seated reservoir ancient landslide. Rock Soil Mech 37:2645–2653
Harwin S, Lucieer A, Osborn J (2015) The impact of the calibration method on the accuracy of point clouds derived using unmanned aerial vehicle multi-view stereopsis. Remote Sens 7:11933–11953. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs70911933
Huang D, Meng Q-J, Song Y-X, Cui S-H, Cen D-F (2021) Dynamic process analysis of the Niumiangou landslide triggered by the Wenchuan earthquake using the finite difference method and a modified discontinuous deformation analysis. J Mt Sci 18:1034–1048. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11629-020-6188-y
Ishii Y, Ota K, Kuraoka S, Tsunaki R (2011) Evaluation of slope stability by finite element method using observed displacement of landslide. Landslides 9:335–348. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-011-0303-7
Jian W, Wang Z, Yin K (2009) Mechanism of the Anlesi landslide in the Three Gorges Reservoir, China. Eng Geol 108:86–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2009.06.017
Kuo CY, Tai YC, Bouchut F, Mangeney A, Pelanti M, Chen RF, Chang KJ (2009) Simulation of Tsaoling landslide, Taiwan, based on Saint Venant equations over general topography. Eng Geol 104:181–189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2008.10.003
Li B, Xing A, Xu C (2017) Simulation of a long-runout rock avalanche triggered by the Lushan earthquake in the Tangjia Valley, Tianquan, Sichuan, China. Eng Geol 218:107–116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2017.01.007
Li B, Zhu Y, Qi F, Yuan Z (2021) Failure of an under-dip shale slope and its response under excavation conditions. J Eng Res, 9, https://doi.org/10.36909/jer.v9i1.8111
Li C-C, Zhang G-S, Lei T-J, Gong AD (2011) Quick image-processing method of UAV without control points data in earthquake disaster area. T Nonferr Metal Soc 21:s523–s528. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1003-6326(12)61635-5
Li WC, Deng G, Cao W, Xu C, Chen J, Lee ML (2019) Discrete element modeling of the Hongshiyan landslide triggered by the 2014 Ms 6.5 Ludian earthquake in Yunnan, China. Environ Earth Sci, 78, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-019-8438-2.
Li WC, Li HJ, Dai FC, Lee LM (2012) Discrete element modeling of a rainfall-induced flowslide. Eng Geol 149–150:22–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2012.08.006
Liang Y, Li D, Lu X, Yang X, Pan X, Mu H, Shi D, Zhang B (2010) Soil erosion changes over the past five decades in the red soil region of Southern China. J Mt Sci 7:92–99. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11629-010-1052-0
Liu B, He K, Han M, Hu X, Wu T, Wu M, Ma G (2021) Dynamic process simulation of the Xiaogangjian rockslide occurred in shattered mountain based on 3DEC and DFN. Comput Geotech, 134, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2021.104122
Liu J, Wang P, Liu J (2015) Macro- and micro-mechanical characteristics of crushed rock aggregate subjected to direct shearing. Transp Geotech 2:10–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trgeo.2014.07.007
Liu Z, Su L, Zhang C, Iqbal J, Hu B, Dong Z (2020) Investigation of the dynamic process of the Xinmo landslide using the discrete element method. Comput Geotech, 123, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2020.103561
Lo C-M, Li H-H, Ke C-C (2015) Kinematic model of a translational slide in the Cidu section of the Formosan Freeway. Landslides 13:141–151. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-015-0650-x
Lo C-M, Li H-H, Ke C-C (2016) Kinematic model of a translational slide in the Cidu section of the Formosan Freeway. Landslides 13:141–151. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-015-0650-x
Lo C-M, Lin M-L, Tang C-L, Hu J-C (2011) A kinematic model of the Hsiaolin landslide calibrated to the morphology of the landslide deposit. Eng Geol 123:22–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2011.07.002
Lucieer A, Malenovský Z, Veness T, Wallace L (2014) HyperUAS-imaging spectroscopy from a multirotor unmanned aircraft system. J Field Robot 31:571–590. https://doi.org/10.1002/rob.21508
Luo J, Pei X, Evans SG, Huang R (2019) Mechanics of the earthquake-induced Hongshiyan landslide in the 2014 Mw 6.2 Ludian earthquake, Yunnan, China. Eng Geol 251:197–213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2018.11.011
Ma H-S, Wang H-L, Wang R-B, Meng Q-X, Yang L-L (2020a) Automatic back analysis of mechanical parameters using block discrete element method and PSO algorithm. Eur J Environ Civ Eng, pp 1–11, https://doi.org/10.1080/19648189.2020.1763856
Ma S, Wei J, Xu C, Shao X, Xu S, Chai S, Cui Y (2020b) UAV survey and numerical modeling of loess landslides: an example from Zaoling, southern Shanxi Province, China. Nat Hazards 104:1125–1140. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-020-04207-1
Ma S, Xu C, Shao X, Zhang P, Liang X, Tian Y (2019) Geometric and kinematic features of a landslide in Mabian Sichuan, China, derived from UAV photography. Landslides 16:373–381. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-018-1104-z
Martel SJ, Muller JR (2000) A Two-dimensional boundary element method for calculating elastic gravitational stresses in slopes. Pure Appl Geophys 157:989–1007. https://doi.org/10.1007/s000240050014
Miao H, Wang G, Yin K, Kamai T, Li Y (2014) Mechanism of the slow-moving landslides in Jurassic red-strata in the Three Gorges Reservoir, China. Eng Geol 171:59–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2013.12.017
Niethammer U, Rothmund S, Schwaderer U, Zeman J, Joswig M (2012) Open source image-processing tools for low-cost UAV-based landslide investigations. Int Arch Photogramm Remote Sens Spatial Inf Sci, XXXVIII-1/C22, pp 161–166, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-XXXVIII-1-C22-161-2011
Peng J, Wang G, Wang Q, Zhang F (2017) Shear wave velocity imaging of landslide debris deposited on an erodible bed and possible movement mechanism for a loess landslide in Jingyang, Xi’an ,China. Landslides 14:1503–1512. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-017-0827-6
Potyondy DO, Cundall PA (2004) A bonded-particle model for rock. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 41:1329–1364. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2004.09.011
Qin Y, Yang G, Lu K, Sun Q, Xie J, Wu Y (2021) Performance evaluation of five GIS-based models for landslide susceptibility prediction and mapping: a case study of Kaiyang County, China. Sustainability 13, https://doi.org/10.3390/su13116441
Scaringi G, Fan X, Xu Q, Liu C, Ouyang C, Domènech G, Yang F, Dai L (2018) Some considerations on the use of numerical methods to simulate past landslides and possible new failures: the case of the recent Xinmo landslide (Sichuan, China). Landslides 15:1359–1375. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-018-0953-9
Shi C, Li D-J, Chen K-H, Zhou J-W (2016) Failure mechanism and stability analysis of the Zhenggang landslide in Yunnan Province of China using 3D particle flow code simulation. J Mt Sci 13:891–905. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11629-014-3399-0
Stumpf A, Malet J-P, Kerle N, Niethammer U, Rothmund S (2013) Image-based mapping of surface fissures for the investigation of landslide dynamics. Geomorphology 186:12–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2012.12.010
Tang C-L, Hu J-C, Lin M-L, Angelier J, Lu C-Y, Chan Y-C, Chu H-T (2009) The Tsaoling landslide triggered by the Chi-Chi earthquake, Taiwan: Insights from a discrete element simulation. Eng Geol 106:1–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2009.02.011
Tang C-L, Hu J-C, Lin M-L, Yuan R-M, Cheng C-C (2012) The mechanism of the 1941 Tsaoling landslide, Taiwan: insight from a 2D discrete element simulation. Environ Earth Sci 70:1005–1019. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-012-2190-1
Uysal M, Toprak AS, DEM Polat N (2015) generation with UAV photogrammetry and accuracy analysis in Sahitler hill. Measurement 73:539–543. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2015.06.010
Wang S, Wu W, Wang J, Yin Z, Cui D, Xiang W (2018) Residual-state creep of clastic soil in a reactivated slow-moving landslide in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, China. Landslides 15:2413–2422. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-018-1043-8
Wang SN, Xu WY, Shi C, Chen HJ (2017) Run-out prediction and failure mechanism analysis of the Zhenggang deposit in southwestern China. Landslides 14:719–726. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-016-0770-y
Wei J, Zhao Z, Xu C, Wen Q (2019) Numerical investigation of landslide kinetics for the recent Mabian landslide (Sichuan, China). Landslides 16:2287–2298. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-019-01237-0
Wu J-H, Hsieh P-H (2021) Simulating the postfailure behavior of the seismically- triggered Chiu-fen-erh-shan landslide using 3DEC. Eng Geol, 287, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2021.106113
Wu J-H, Lin W-K, Hu H-T (2017) Assessing the impacts of a large slope failure using 3DEC: The Chiu-fen-erh-shan residual slope. Comput Geotech 88:32–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2017.03.002
Wu Y, Zhang M, Yang L, Liu T, Zhang T, Sun Q, Wang B, Xie X (2021) Failure mechanisms and dynamics of the Shanzao rockslide in Yongjia County, China on 10 August 2019. Landslides 18:2565–2574. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-021-01673-x
Xia G, Liu C, Xu C, Le T, Foong L (2021) Dynamic analysis of the high-speed and long-runout landslide movement process based on the discrete element method: a case study of the Shuicheng landslide in Guizhou, China Adv Civ Eng, 2021, pp 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/8854194
Xie J, Yang G, Qin Y, Xu X (2020a) Deformation failure mechanism and motion laws of near-horizontal thick-layer with thin-layer columnar dangerous rock mass in the Chishui red bed area. In Proceedings of the IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, Changsha, China, 18–20 September 2020; p. 022045
Xie J, Yang GL, Qin YG, Xu XT (2020b) Deformation failure mechanism and motion laws of near-horizontal thick-layer with thin-layer columnar dangerous rock mass in the Chishui red bed area. IOP Conf Ser Earth Environ Sci 570:022045. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/570/2/022045
Xu Q, Liu H, Ran J, Li W, Sun X (2016) Field monitoring of groundwater responses to heavy rainfalls and the early warning of the Kualiangzi landslide in Sichuan Basin, southwestern China. Landslides 13:1555–1570. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-016-0717-3
Yan Q, Li X, Tang X, Wu Y, He S (2021) Investigation of the strength recovery characteristics of a red-bed landslide soil by SHS and ultrasonic experiments. Bull Eng Geol Environ 80:5271–5278. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-021-02263-w
Zhang M, Yin Y, Huang B (2015) Mechanisms of rainfall-induced landslides in gently inclined red beds in the eastern Sichuan Basin, SW China. Landslides 12:973–983. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-015-0611-4
Zhang Z, Wang T, Wu S, Tang H, Liang C (2017) The role of seismic triggering in a deep-seated mudstone landslide, China: historical reconstruction and mechanism analysis. Eng Geol 226:122–135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2017.06.001
Zhu Y, Xu S, Zhuang Y, Dai X, Lv G (2019) Xing, A. Characteristics and runout behaviour of the disastrous 28 August 2017 rock avalanche in Nayong, Guizhou, China. Eng Geol, 259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2019.105154
Zou Z, Tang H, Xiong C, Su A, Criss RE (2017) Kinetic characteristics of debris flows as exemplified by field investigations and discrete element simulation of the catastrophic Jiweishan rockslide. China Geomorphology 295:1–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2017.06.012
Funding
This study was supported by the Basic Research Program of the Guizhou Provincial Science and Technology Foundation (ZK [2021] Basic 200).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
Conceptualization: G.Y. and Y.Q.; methodology: G.Y. and Y.Q.; software: Y.Q.; validation: Y.Q. and W.J.; formal analysis: G.Y. and W.J.; investigation: Y.Q., W.J., and F.L.; resources, G.Y. and Y.Q.; data curation, W. J and F.L.; writing—original draft preparation, G.Y.; writing—review and editing, Y.Q., W.J., F.L., and X.X.; visualization, Y.Q.; supervision, Y.Q.; project administration, G.Y.; funding acquisition, G.Y. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no competing interests.
Additional information
Responsible Editor: Zeynal Abiddin Erguler
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Yang, G., Qin, Y., Jiang, W. et al. Characteristics and particle flow simulation of failure mechanism of Ludaping landslide in Renhuai red bed area, China. Arab J Geosci 15, 1237 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-022-10480-0
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-022-10480-0