Abstract
Climate change is evident with the extreme climatic indices changing all over the world. Bangladesh is one of the most vulnerable countries to climate change. The patterns of climatic hazards here are changing with time. Such changes inevitably affect the life and livelihood of people. Focusing on this background, this study was conducted to assess the spatial variability of climatic multi-hazards in Bangladesh in relation to the extreme climate indices. To achieve the objective of this study, hydro-climatic data for the past 31 years (1990–2020) were collected from 27 stations of the Bangladesh Meteorological Department. Fifteen climate indices were calculated using the “RClimDex” software. The principle component analysis was used for assigning weightage to the selected indices as well as for the multi-hazard assessment. Using the indices, multi-hazard maps were prepared for the extreme rainfall, extreme temperature, and combined hazard (both rainfall and temperature). The multi-hazard maps identified the northeastern and southeastern parts of Bangladesh as high rainfall affected area, while the southwestern parts were revealed to be exposed to high temperature related hazards. The combined hazard map revealed most of the northern and southern region of the country to be in the “High” or “Moderate” extreme climate hazard zone categories. The findings are particularly alarming as the northern region has a high percentage of net cropped area falling in the high climate hazard zone. The findings of this study can guide the policy makers and academics from national to local level to develop and prioritize climate resilient programs based on the location-specific climatic hazards.
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs11069-021-05039-3/MediaObjects/11069_2021_5039_Fig1_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs11069-021-05039-3/MediaObjects/11069_2021_5039_Fig2_HTML.png)
Source: Karra et al.
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs11069-021-05039-3/MediaObjects/11069_2021_5039_Fig3_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs11069-021-05039-3/MediaObjects/11069_2021_5039_Fig4_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs11069-021-05039-3/MediaObjects/11069_2021_5039_Fig5_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs11069-021-05039-3/MediaObjects/11069_2021_5039_Fig6_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs11069-021-05039-3/MediaObjects/11069_2021_5039_Fig7_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs11069-021-05039-3/MediaObjects/11069_2021_5039_Fig8_HTML.png)
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Aalgir M, Furuya J, Kobayashi S, Binte MR, Salam M (2018) Farmers’ net income distribution and regional vulnerability to climate change: an empirical study of Bangladesh. Climate 6:65. https://doi.org/10.3390/cli6030065
Abdi H, Williams LJ (2010) Principal component analysis. Wiley Interdiscip Rev Comput Stat 2:433–459
Abedin MA, Collins AE, Habiba U, Shaw R (2019) Climate change, water scarcity, and health adaptation in Southwestern Coastal Bangladesh. Int J Disaster Risk Sci 10:28–42. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13753-018-0211-8
Abubakar IR, Aina YA (2019) The prospects and challenges of developing more inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable cities in Nigeria. Land Use Policy 87:104105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2019.104105
Aguilar E, Aziz BA, Brunet M, Ekang L, Fernandes A, Massoukina M, Mbah J, Mhanda A, do Nascimento DJ, Peterson TC, Thamba UO, Tomou M, Zhang X (2009) Changes in temperature and precipitation extremes in western central Africa, Guinea Conakry, and Zimbabwe, 1955–2006. J Geophys Res 114:D02115. https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JD011010
Aguilar E, Peterson TC, Obando PR, Frutos R, Retana JA, Solera M, Soley J, García IG, Araujo RM, Santos AR, Valle VE, Brunet M, Aguilar L, Álvarez L, Bautista M, Castañón C, Herrera L, Ruano E, Sinay JJ, Sánchez E, Oviedo GIH, Obed F, Salgado J, Mayorga R (2005) Changes in precipitation and temperature extremes in Central America and northern South America, 1961–2003. J Geophys Res Atmos 110:1–15. https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JD006119
Ahammed SJ, Homsi R, Khan N, Shahid S, Shiru MS, Mohsenipour M, Ahmed K, Nawaz N, Alias NE, Yuzir A (2019) Assessment of changing pattern of crop water stress in Bangladesh. Environ Dev Sustain. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-019-00400-w
Ahmed A, Alam M, Rahman A (1999) Adaptation to climate change in Bangladesh: future outlook. In: Huq S, Karim Z, Asaduzzu-man MMF (eds) Vulnerability and adaptation to climate change for Bangladesh. Kluwer, New York
Ahmed AU, Appadurai AN, Neelormi S (2019) Status of Climate Change Adaptation in South Asia Region. pp 125–152
Ahmed B, Rahman M, Islam R, Sammonds P, Zhou C, Uddin K, Al-Hussaini TM (2018) Developing a dynamic web-GIS based landslide early warning system for the Chittagong Metropolitan Area, Bangladesh. ISPRS Int J Geo-Inf 7:485. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi7120485
Ahmed MNQ, Haq SMA (2019) Indigenous people’s perceptions about climate change, forest resource management, and coping strategies: a comparative study in Bangladesh. Environ Dev Sustain 21:679–708
Ahmed MR, Rahaman RK, Kok A, Hassan QK (2017) Remote sensing-based quantification of the impact of flash flooding on the rice production: a case study over Northeastern Bangladesh. Sensors 17:2347. https://doi.org/10.3390/s17102347
Akter M, Kabir R, Karim DS, Haque A, Rahman M, Jahan M, Asik TZ (2019) Determining the most sensitive socioeconomic parameters for quantitative risk assessment. Climate 7:107. https://doi.org/10.3390/cli7090107
Akter S, Krupnik TJ, Khanam F (2017) Climate change skepticism and index versus standard crop insurance demand in coastal Bangladesh. Reg Environ Chang 17:2455–2466. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-017-1174-9
Alam MR, Kaish AB, Zain MF, Dev SK, Mahzabin MS (2017) Vulnerability assessment and construction recommendations of local houses in the cyclone prone coastal areas of Bangladesh. Int J Disaster Risk Reduct 21:118–130
Alamgir M, Khan N, Shahid S, Yaseen ZM, Dewan A, Hassan Q, Rasheed B (2020) Evaluating severity–area–frequency (SAF) of seasonal droughts in Bangladesh under climate change scenarios. Stoch Environ Res Risk Assess 34:447–464. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00477-020-01768-2
Alexander LV, Zhang X, Peterson TC, Caesar J, Gleason B, Klein Tank AMG, Haylock M, Collins D, Trewin B, Rahimzadeh F, Tagipour A (2006) Global observed changes in daily climate extremes of temperature and precipitation. J Geophys Res 111:D05109. https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JD006290
Ali KMB, Molla MH, Nazmul H, Hoshen A, Rahman M, Billah M (2015) Climate change induced disasters in the southeastern coastal belt belt of Bangladesh. Asian J Water Environ 2:1–15
Anik SI, Khan MASA (2012) Climate change adaptation through local knowledge in the north eastern region of Bangladesh. Mitig Adapt Strateg Glob Chang 17:879–896. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11027-011-9350-6
Arfanuzzaman M, Mamnun N, Islam M, Dilshad T, Syed M (2016) Evaluation of adaptation practices in the agriculture sector of Bangladesh: an ecosystem based assessment. Climate 4:11
Arnell NW, Gosling SN (2016) The impacts of climate change on river flood risk at the global scale. Clim Change 134:387–401. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-014-1084-5
Bari SH, Hussain MM, Husna N-E-A (2017) Rainfall variability and seasonality in northern Bangladesh. Theor Appl Climatol 129:995–1001. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-016-1823-9
Bevanger K, Datta AK, Eid AT, Shirin M (2001) Tanguar Haor wetland biodiversity conservation project- an appraisal. NINA Proj Rep 16:37
Bhaskaran B, Murphy JM, Jones RG (1998) Intraseasonal oscillation in the Indian summer monsoon simulated by global and nested regional climate models. Mon Weather Rev 126:3124–3134. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1998)126%3c3124:IOITIS%3e2.0.CO;2
Bhowmik AK (2012) A comparison of Bangladesh climate surfaces from the geostatistical point of view. ISRN Meteorol 2012:1–20. https://doi.org/10.5402/2012/353408
Blong R (2005) Natural hazards risk assessment: an Australian perspective. Risk science. Benfield Hazard Research Centre, London, p 28
Boo KO, Kwon WT, Baek HJ (2006) Change of extreme events of temperature and precipitation over Korea using regional projection of future climate change. Geophys Res Lett 33:8–11. https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GL023378
Brunetti M, Maugeri M, Nanni T (2001) Changes in total precipitation, rainy days and extreme events in Northeastern Italy. Int J Climatol 21:861–871. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.660
Caesar J, Alexander LV, Trewin B, Tse-Ring K, Sorany L, Vuniyayawa V, Keosavang N, Shimana A, Htay MM, Karmacharya J, Jayasinghearachchi DA (2011) Changes in temperature and precipitation extremes over the Indo-Pacific region from 1971 to 2005. Int J Climatol 31:791–801. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.2118
CEGIS (2012) Master plan of Haor area. Volume II, Summary Report. Ministry of Water Resources, Bangladesh Haor and Wetland Development Board, Government of People’s Republic of Bangladesh, Dhaka
Chakraborty R, Khan KM, Dibaba DT, Khan MA, Ahmed A, Islam MZ (2019) Health implications of drinking water salinity in coastal areas of Bangladesh. Int J Environ Res Public Health 16:3746
Chen J, Mueller V (2018) Coastal climate change, soil salinity and human migration in Bangladesh. Nat Clim Change 8:981–985. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-018-0313-8
Chen K (2004) Relative risks ratings for local government areas. Risk Front Q newsletter, Macquarie Univ 3
Choi G, Collins D, Ren G, Trewin B, Baldi M, Fukuda Y, Afzaal M, Pianmana T, Gomboluudev P, Huong PT, Lias N (2009) Changes in means and extreme events of temperature and precipitation in the Asia-Pacific Network region, 1955–2007. Int J Climatol 29:1906–1925. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.1979
Choi G, Kwon WT, Boo KO, Cha YM (2008) Recent spatial and temporal changes in means and extreme events of temperature and precipitation across the Republic of Korea. J Korean Geogr Soc 43:681–700
Chowdhury AKMHU, Haque ME, Hoque MZ, Rokunuzzaman M (2012) Adoption of BRRI Dhan47 in the coastal saline areas of Bangladesh. Agric J 7:286–291
Chowdhury AK, Kar KK, Shahid S, Chowdhury R, Rashid MM (2019) Evaluation of spatio-temporal rainfall variability and performance of a stochastic rainfall model in Bangladesh. Int J Climatol 39:4256–4273. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.6071
Chowdhury MA, Rahman MF, Islam K (2018) Village common forest management in Komolchori, Chittagong Hill Tracts, Bangladesh: an example of community based natural resources management. Small-Scale For 17:535–553
Costello A, Maslin M, Montgomery H, Johnson AM, Ekins P (2011) Global health and climate change: moving from denial and catastrophic fatalism to positive action. Philos Trans R Soc A Math Phys Eng Sci 369:1866–1882. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2011.0007
Dai A (2011) Drought under global warming: a review. Wiley Interdiscip Rev Clim Change 2:45–65
Dankers R, Feyen L (2008) Climate change impact on flood hazard in Europe: an assessment based on high-resolution climate simulations. J Geophys Res Atmos 113:1–17. https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JD009719
Dasgupta S, Hossain MM, Huq M, Wheeler D (2015) Climate change and soil salinity: the case of coastal Bangladesh. Ambio 44:815–826. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-015-0681-5
Della-Marta PM, Luterbacher J, von Weissenfluh H, Xoplaki E, Brunet M, Wanner H (2007) Summer heat waves over western Europe 1880–2003, their relationship to large-scale forcings and predictability. Clim Dyn 29:251–275
Dhar AR, Islam MM, Jannat A, Ahmed JU (2018) Adoption prospects and implication problems of practicing conservation agriculture in Bangladesh: a socioeconomic diagnosis. Soil Tillage Res 176:77–84
Fahad MG, Saiful Islam AK, Nazari R, Alfi Hasan M, Tarekul Islam GM, Bala SK (2018) Regional changes of precipitation and temperature over Bangladesh using bias-corrected multi-model ensemble projections considering high-emission pathways. Int J Climatol 38:1634–1648. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.5284
Frei C, Schöll R, Fukutome S, Schmidli J, Vidale PL (2006) Future change of precipitation extremes in Europe: intercomparison of scenarios from regional climate models. J Geophys Res Atmos. https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JD005965
Frich PA, Alexander LV, Della-Marta PM, Gleason B, Haylock M, Tank AK, Peterson T (2002) Observed coherent changes in climatic extremes during the second half of the twentieth century. Clim Res 19:193–212. https://doi.org/10.3354/cr019193
Ganguli S, Islam S, Garai J (2018) Physico-chemical assessment of water bodies and Socio-economic analysis from the coastal belt of Chittagong. Indones J Environ Manag Sustain 2:107–117
Garcia-Aristizabal A, Bucchignani E, Palazzi E, D’Onofrio D, Gasparini P, Marzocchi W (2015) Analysis of non-stationary climate-related extreme events considering climate change scenarios: an application for multi-hazard assessment in the Dar es Salaam region, Tanzania. Nat Hazards 75:289–320. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-014-1324-z
Goubanova K, Li L (2007) Extremes in temperature and precipitation around the Mediterranean basin in an ensemble of future climate scenario simulations. Glob Planet Change 57:27–42
Bmmr HM (2013) Agricultural regionalization of Bangladesh based on productivity and analysis of spatial dependencies of for productivity between the districts of Bangladesh. J Bangladesh Inst Planners 6:181–189
Hahn M, Riederer A (2009) The livelihood vulnerability index: a pragmatic approach to assessing risks from climate variability and change—A case study in Mozambique. Glob Environ Change 19:74–88
Haq SMA, Ahmed KJ (2017) Does the perception of climate change vary with the socio-demographic dimensions? A study on vulnerable populations in Bangladesh. Nat Hazards 85:1759–1785. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-016-2664-7
Haque A, Jahan S (2015) Impact of flood disasters in Bangladesh: a multi-sector regional analysis. Int J Disaster Risk Reduct 13:266–275. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2015.07.001
Haque MA, Budi A, Malik AA, Yamamoto SS, Louis VR, Sauerborn R (2013) Health coping strategies of the people vulnerable to climate change in a resource-poor rural setting in Bangladesh. BMC Public Health 13:565. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-13-565
Hasan MN, Hossain MS, Bari MA, Islam MR (2013) Agricultural land availability in Bangladesh. Soil Resource Development Institute (SRDI), Ministry of Agriculture, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Hasan MA, Islam AKMS, Bhaskaran B (2013) Predicting Change of Future Climatic Extremes Over Bangladesh In High Resolution Climate Change Scenarios. In: Proceedings of 4th International Conference on Water and Flood Management (ICWFM-2013). pp 583–590
Headey DD, Hoddinott J (2016) Agriculture, nutrition and the green revolution in Bangladesh. Agric Syst 149:122–131
Hoque MZ, Cui S, Lilai X, Islam I, Ali G, Tang J (2019) Resilience of coastal communities to climate change in Bangladesh: research gaps and future directions. Watershed Ecol Environ 1:42–56
Hossain MN, Paul SK (2018) Vulnerability factors and effectiveness of disaster mitigation measures in the Bangladesh coast. Earth Syst Environ 2:55–65
Hu Q, Tang Z, Zhang L, Xu Y, Wu X, Zhang L (2018) Evaluating climate change adaptation efforts on the US 50 states’ hazard mitigation plans. Nat Hazards 92:783–804. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-018-3225-z
Huq N, Huge J, Boon E, Gain AK (2015) Climate change impacts in agricultural communities in rural areas of coastal Bangladesh: a tale of many stories. Sustainability 7:8437–8460
Huq S, Ayers J (2008) Climate change impacts and responses in Bangladesh. Policy Dep Econ Sci Eur Parliam Brussels, Belgium
Huq SMI, Shoaib JUM (2013) The soils of Bangladesh. Springer, Netherlands, Dordrecht
Hussain SG, Iqbal A (2011) Research Priorities in Bangladesh Agriculture. Bangladesh Agricultural Research Council, Dhaka, Bangladesh
IPCC (2012) Managing the risks of extreme events and disasters to advance climate change adaptation. Cambridge, MA
IPCC (2014) Climate change 2014: synthesis report. contribution of working groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Geneva, Switzerland
IPCC (2001) IPCC third assessment report of working group II: impacts. Adapatation and Vulnerability, Cambridge
Islam, AKMS, Murshed, SB, Khan M, Hasan MA (2014) Impact of Climate Change on Rainfall Intensity in Bangladesh. Final Report.IWFM, BUET
Islam, AKMS, Hasan M (2012) Climate induced changes of precipitation extremes over Bangladesh. In: Proceedings of 3rd International Conference on Environmental Aspects of Bangladesh (ICEAB 2012). pp 67–105
Islam M, Imon TI, Polash AG (2019) Analysis of rainfall variability in Sylhet region of Bangladesh. J Water Resour Eng Manage 6:1–10
Islam M, Uyeda H, Ferdousi N, Abdullah S (2009) Understanding the rainfall climatology and detection of extreme weather events in the SAARC region: Part II-Utilization of RCM data. SAARC Meteorol Res
Islam MA, Mitra D, Dewan A, Akhter SH (2016) Coastal multi-hazard vulnerability assessment along the Ganges deltaic coast of Bangladesh–A geospatial approach. Ocean Coast Manage 127:1–15
Islam MM, Sado K (2000) Development of flood hazard maps of Bangladesh using NOAA-AVHRR images with GIS. Hydrol Sci J 45:337–355. https://doi.org/10.1080/02626660009492334
Islam T, Peterson RE (2009) Climatology of landfalling tropical cyclones in Bangladesh 1877–2003. Nat Hazards 48:115–135. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-008-9252-4
IWM (2007) Mathematical modelling along with hydrological studies & terrestrial survey under the haor rehabilitation scheme. Bangladesh Water Development Board, Ministry of Water Resources, Government of the People‟s Republic of Bangladesh
Kabir R, Khan HTA, Ball E, Caldwell K (2014) Climate change and public health situations in coastal areas of Bangladesh. Int J Soc Sci Stud 2:109–116
Kabir R, Khan HTA, Ball E, Caldwell K (2016) Climate change impact: the experience of the coastal areas of bangladesh affected by cyclones Sidr and Aila. J Environ Public Health 2016:1–9
Kamal AM, Shamsudduha M, Ahmed B, Hassan SK, Islam MS, Kelman I, Fordham M (2018) Resilience to flash floods in wetland communities of northeastern Bangladesh. Int J Disaster Risk Reduct 31:478–488. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2018.06.011
Kamruzzaman M (2015) Farmers’ perceptions on climate change: a step toward climate change adaptation in Sylhet Hilly Region. Univers J Agric Res 3:53–58
Karra K, Kontgis C, Statman-Weil Z, Mazzariello J, Mathis M, Brumby S (2021) Global land use/land cover with Sentinel-2 and deep learning. In: IGARSS 2021–2021 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. IEEE
Keiler M, Sailer R, Jörg P, Weber C, Fuchs S, Zischg A, Sauermoser S (2006) Avalanche risk assessment ? a multi-temporal approach, results from Galtür, Austria Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences Avalanche risk assessment-a multi-temporal approach, results from GaltürGalt¨Galtür, Austria
Khan AE, Xun WW, Ahsan H, Vineis P (2011) Climate change, sea-level rise, & health impacts in Bangladesh. Environ Sci Policy Sustain Dev 53:18–33. https://doi.org/10.1080/00139157.2011.604008
Khan MH, Rahman A, Luo C, Kumar S, Islam GA, Hossain MA (2019) Detection of changes and trends in climatic variables in Bangladesh during 1988–2017. Heliyon 5:e01268. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01268
Khanom T (2016) Effect of salinity on food security in the context of interior coast of Bangladesh. Ocean Coast Manage 130:205–212
Khatun MA, Rashid MB, Hygen HO (2016) Climate of Bangladesh, MET Report. Bangladesh Meteorological Department and Norwegian Meteorological Institute
Kirby JM, Mainuddin M, Mpelasoka F, Ahmad MD, Palash W, Quadir ME, Shah-Newaz SM, Hossain MM (2016) The impact of climate change on regional water balances in Bangladesh. Clim Change 135:481–491. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-016-1597-1
Knutson TR, McBride JL, Chan J, Emanuel K, Holland G, Landsea C, Held I, Kossin JP, Srivastava AK, Sugi M (2010) Tropical cyclones and climate change. Nat Geosci 3:157–163. https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo779
Kumar D, Arya DS, Murumkar AR, Rahman MM (2014) Impact of climate change on rainfall in Northwestern Bangladesh using multi-GCM ensembles. Int J Climatol 34:1395–1404. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.3770
Kumar P, Wiltshire A, Mathison C, Asharaf S, Ahrens B, Lucas-Picher P, Christensen JH, Gobiet A, Saeed F, Hagemann S, Jacob D (2013) Downscaled climate change projections with uncertainty assessment over India using a high resolution multi-model approach. Sci Total Environ 468–469:S18–S30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.01.051
Kundzewicz ZW, Mata LJ, Arnell NW, Doll P, Jimenez B, Miller K, Oki T, Sen Z, Shiklomanov I (2012) The implications of projected climate change for freshwater resources and their management. Hydrol Sci J 53:3–10
Mainuddin K, Rahman A, Islam N, Quasem S (2011) Planning and Costing Agriculture’s Adaptation to Climate Change in the Salinity-Prone Cropping System of Bangladesh. London, UK
Malakar P, Mukherjee A, Bhanja SN, Ray RK, Sarkar S, Zahid A (2021) Machine-learning-based regional-scale groundwater level prediction using GRACE. Hydrogeol J 29:1027–1042. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-021-02306-2
Mamtaz S, Murshed MM, Asaduzzaman M, Islam MN (2018) Risks and Adaptation Strategies for Climate Change: A Community-Based Assessment Study in the Chittagong Hill Tracts of Bangladesh. pp 119–143
Maniruzzaman M, Muttaleb MA, Choudhury AK, Akhter S, Ahmed F, Aziz MA, Rahman MM, Miah MM, Biswas JC, Hamid MA, Kalra N (2017) Characterization of inter-seasonal climatic variability through dry-season rice productivity in the North-west Region of Bangladesh. Ital J Agrometeorol 2017:5–18
Masum JH (2019) Climatic Hazards in Bangladesh: A Literature Review. Coastal Development Partnership (CDP), Bangladesh, Coastal Development Partnership (CDP), Bangladesh
May W (2004) Potential future changes in the Indian summer monsoon due to greenhouse warming: analysis of mechanisms in a global time-slice experiment. Clim Dyn 22:389–414. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-003-0389-2
Melillo J, Richmond T, Yohe GW (2014) Climate Change Impacts in the United States: The Third National Climate Assessment. Washington, DC
MoA (2013) Master Plan for Agricultural Development in the Southern Region of Bangladesh. Ministry of Agriculture, Government of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh and United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization, Dhaka, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
MoEF (2005) National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA). Ministry of Environment and Forest, Government of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh
Mojid MA (2019) Emerging challenges and way forward for irrigated agriculture of Bangladesh. Water Util J 21:17–28
Mondal SM, Islam AKMS, Madhu MK (2012) Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Temperature, Rainfall, Sunshine and Humidity in Context of Crop Agriculture. Comprehensive Disaster Management Programme, Ministry of Food and Disaster Management, Government of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh
Monirul Qader Mirza M (2002) Global warming and changes in the probability of occurrence of floods in Bangladesh and implications. Glob Environ Change 12:127–138. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0959-3780(02)00002-X
Nahar A, Luckstead J, Wailes EJ, Alam MJ (2018) An assessment of the potential impact of climate change on rice farmers and markets in Bangladesh. Clim Change 150:289–304. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-018-2267-2
Nazrul Islam M, Rafiuddin M, Ahmed AU, Kolli RK (2008) Calibration of PRECIS in employing future scenarios in Bangladesh. Int J Climatol 28:617–628. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.1559
Nowreen S, Murshed SB, Islam AKMS, Hasan MA, Sarker TK (2013) An indicator of climate change in the South West Region of Bangladesh. Int J Clim Change Impacts Responses 4:47–60
Nowreen S, Murshed SB, Islam AS, Bhaskaran B, Hasan MA (2015) Changes of rainfall extremes around the haor basin areas of Bangladesh using multi-member ensemble RCM. Theor Appl Climatol 119:363–377. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-014-1101-7
Paul A, Jabed MA (2018) Salinity has made our life terrible: a qualitative investigation of human sufferings in The Chittagong Coast. Orient Geogr 59:1–18
Pouliotte J, Smit B, Westerhoff L (2009) Adaptation and development: livelihoods and climate change in Subarnabad, Bangladesh. Clim Dev 1:31–46
Rahman AA, Alam M, Alam SS, Uzzaman MR, Rashid M, Rabbani G (2007) Risks, vulnerabilityand adaptation in Bangladesh. UNDP Human Development Report-2007/08. Fighting Climate Change: Human solideraty in a divided world. Human Development Report Office Occasional Paper
Rahman AA, Alam M, Alam SS, Uzzaman MR, Rashid M, Rabbani G (2007) Risks, vulnerability and adaptation in Bangladesh. Hum Dev Rep 8
Rahman AA, Artaxo P, Asrat A, Parker A (2018) Developing countries must lead on solar geoengineering research. Nature 556:22–24. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-018-03917-8
Rahman MA (2018) Governance matters: climate change, corruption, and livelihoods in Bangladesh. Clim Change 147:313–326
Rahman MA, Kamal SMM, Billah MM (2016) Rainfall variability and linear trend models on north-west part of Bangladesh for the last 40 years. Am J Appl Math 4:158–162
Rahman MH, Alam K (2016) Forest dependent indigenous communities’ perception and adaptation to climate change through local knowledge in the protected area—A Bangladesh case study. Climate 4:12. https://doi.org/10.3390/cli4010012
Rahman MM, Islam MN, Ahmed AU, Georgi F (2012) Rainfall and temperature scenarios for Bangladesh for the middle of 21st century using RegCM. J Earth Syst Sci 121:287–295
Rahman MM, Rajib MA, Hassan MM, Iskander SM, Khondoker MTH, Rakib ZB, Aankur AK (2012) Application of RCM-based climate change indices in assessing future climate: part II precipitation concentration. In: World environmental and water resources congress 2012 crossing boundaries. pp 1787–1793
Rahman S, Anik AR (2020) Productivity and efficiency impact of climate change and agroecology on Bangladesh agriculture. Land Policy 94:104507
Rajib MA, Rahman MM, Islam AKMS, McBean EA (2011) Analyzing the future monthly precipitation pattern in Bangladesh from multi-model projections using both GCM and RCM. In: World environmental and water resources congress 2011: bearing knowledge for sustainability. pp 3843–3851
Rakib ZB (2013) Extreme temperature climatology and evaluation of heat index in Bangladesh during 1981–2010. J Pres Univ B 2:84–95
Rashid H (2019) Geography of Bangladesh, 2nd edn. University Press, Dhaka
Rencher AC (2002) Principal component analysis. In: Methods of multivariate analysis, 2nd ed. pp 380–407
Revadekar JV, Hameed S, Collins D, Manton M, Sheikh M, Borgaonkar HP, Kothawale DR, Adnan M, Ahmed AU, Ashraf J, Baidya S (2013) Impact of altitude and latitude on changes in temperature extremes over South Asia during 1971–2000. Int J Climatol 33:199–209. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.3418
Ruane AC, Major DC, Winston HY, Alam M, Hussain SG, Khan AS, Hassan A, Al Hossain BM, Goldberg R, Horton RM, Rosenzweig C (2013) Multi-factor impact analysis of agricultural production in Bangladesh with climate change. Glob Environ Change 23:338–350. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2012.09.001
Ruszczynski A (2006) Nonlinear optimization. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, USA
Shahid S, Wang XJ, Harun SB, Shamsudin SB, Ismail T, Minhans A (2016) Climate variability and changes in the major cities of Bangladesh: observations, possible impacts and adaptation. Reg Environ Change 16:459–471. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-015-0757-6
Shahid S (2011) Trends in extreme rainfall events of Bangladesh. Theor Appl Clim 104:489–499. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-010-0363-y
Shahid S (2009) Spatio-temporal variability of rainfall over Bangladesh during the time period 1969–2003. Asia-Pacific J Atmos Sci 45:375–379
Shahid S (2010) Rainfall variability and the trends of wet and dry periods in Bangladesh. Int J Climatol 30:2299–2313. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.2053
Shahid S, Bin HS, Katimon A (2012) Changes in diurnal temperature range in Bangladesh during the time period 1961–2008. Atmos Res 118:260–270. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2012.07.008
Singh D, Tsiang M, Rajaratnam B, Diffenbaugh NS (2014) Observed changes in extreme wet and dry spells during the South Asian summer monsoon season. Nat Clim Change 4:456–461. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2208
Stephenson DB (2008) Definition, diagnosis, and origin of extreme weather and climate events. In: Diaz HF, Murnane RJ (eds) Climate extremes and society. Cambridge University Press, pp 11–23
Stocker T (2014) Climate change 2013: the physical science basis: Working Group I contribution to the Fifth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press
Stocker TF, Qin D, Plattner GK, Tignor MMB, Allen SK, Boschung J, Nauels A, Xia Y, Be V, Midgley PM (2013) Climate change 2013 the physical science basis: Working Group I contribution to the fifth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change. Cambridge University Press
Talukder A, Mallick D, Mandal SN, Anka IZ, Shiuli MK, Hasin T, Sarker S (2016) Impact of rainfall on spatio-temporal distribution of sediment organic matter along the Chittagong Coast, Bangladesh. Res Agric Livest Fish 3:175–186
Thomalla F, Downing T, Spanger-Siegfried E, Han G, Rockström J (2006) Reducing hazard vulnerability: towards a common approach between disaster risk reduction and climate adaptation. Disasters 30:39–48. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9523.2006.00305.x
Thomas TS, Mainuddin K, Chiang C, Rahman A, Haque A, Islam N, Quasem S, Sun Y (2013) Agriculture and adaptation in Bangladesh: Current and projected impacts of climate change. Intl Food Policy Res Inst
Uddin GT, Hossain MA, Ishaque F (2019) Identifying climatic variables with rice yield relationship and land cover change detection at Sylhet Region. Asian J Geogr Res. https://doi.org/10.9734/ajgr/2019/v2i330088
Uddin MJ, Hooda PS, Mohiuddin AS, Smith M, Waller M (2019b) Land inundation and cropping intensity influences on organic carbon in the agricultural soils of Bangladesh. CATENA 178:11–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2019.03.002
Uddin MN, Islam AS, Bala SK, Islam GT, Adhikary S, Saha D, Haque S, Fahad MG, Akter R (2019c) Mapping of climate vulnerability of the coastal region of Bangladesh using principal component analysis. Appl Geogr 102:47–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2018.12.011
Walsham M (2010) Assessing the evidence: environment, climate change and migration in Bangladesh. International Organization for Migration (IOM), Regional Office for South Asia, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Wasimi S (2009) Climate change trends in Bangladesh. In: 2nd International Conference on Water and Flood Management. Institute of Water and Flood Management, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, Dhaka, Bangladesh
WorldBank (2013) Turn down the heat: Climate extremes, regional impacts, and the case for resilience. A Report for the World Bank by the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research and Climate Analytics. The World Bank, Washington, DC
Younus MAF (2017) An assessment of vulnerability and adaptation to cyclones through impact assessment guidelines: a bottom-up case study from Bangladesh coast. Nat Hazards 89:1437–1459
Younus MAF, Kabir MA (2018) Climate change vulnerability assessment and adaptation of bangladesh: mechanisms. Notions Solutions Sustain 10:4286
Zonayet M, Paul AK (2020) Development of land management technology for continuous Jhum cultivation in Hilly Area of Bangladesh. Asian Soil Res J. https://doi.org/10.9734/asrj/2020/v3i330075
Acknowledgements
We are grateful to the Bangladesh Meteorological Department for their support during data collection. Authors are thankful to Syed Labib Ul Islam, Institute of Water and Flood Management, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, Dhaka, Bangladesh, for this support to improve the manuscript.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
No authors of this paper have any conflicts of interest.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Chowdhury, M., Zzaman, R.U., Tarin, N.J. et al. Spatial variability of climatic hazards in Bangladesh. Nat Hazards 110, 2329–2351 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-021-05039-3
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-021-05039-3