A seismological study of shallow weak micro-earthquakes in the urban area of Hamburg city, Germany, and its possible relation to salt dissolution

Abstract

In the night from 8/9 April 2009, shortly after midnight on Maundy Thursday before Easter, several people in Gross Flottbek, Hamburg, felt unusual strong ground shocks so that some of them left their houses in fear of earthquake shaking. Police and fire brigade received phone calls of worried residents. A few days later, Internet pages were published where people reported their observations. On 21 April 2009 at about 8 p.m. local time, a second ground-shaking event was felt. Damage to buildings or infrastructure did not occur to our knowledge. The Institute of Geophysics, University of Hamburg, installed from 22 April to 17 May 2009 three temporal seismic stations in the epicentral area. Seismological data from two nearby stations at the Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron at 1 km and the Geophysical Institute at 7 km distance were collected and integrated to the temporal network. The events occurred above the roof of the shallow Othmarschen Langenfelde salt diapir, in an area known for active sinkhole formation and previous historic ground-shaking events. The analysis of the seismological data shows that three shallow micro-earthquakes occurred from 8 to 21 April at a depth of about 100 m, the largest one with a moment magnitude of about M _W 0.6. Depth location of such shallow events is difficult with standard methods and is here constrained by waveform modeling of surface waves. Earthquakes occurring in soft sediments within the uppermost 100 m are a rare phenomena and cannot be explained by standard models. Rupture process in soft sediments differs from those on faults in more competent rock. We discuss the rupture and source mechanism of the events in the context of previous historic shocks and existing sinkhole and deformation data. Although the event was weak, the rupture duration of 0.3 s was unusual long. Three possible models for the generation of repeated ground-shaking events in Gross Flottbek are developed and discussed, implying quit different hazards for subsidence, ground motion, and sinkhole formation. Our favored model postulates that roof failure occurs in an existing soil cavity beneath the epicenter at a depth of about 100 m. Other models bearing a smaller geo-hazard cannot be disproved with the data available, but future geophysical experiments may be planned to resolve this question.

Appendices

Appendix 1: Summary of historical ground shocks in Hamburg

See Table 1.

Table 1 Summary of historical reports on unusual ground shaking in Hamburg, classified as confirmed (A) or vague (C) if original literature has not been available to the authors. References: S32 = Sieberg (1932); S40 = Sieberg (1940); LD = Leydecker (1986, 1998); HA = Hamm (1956)

Appendix 2: Drift correction station DES4

See Fig. 14.

Fig. 14

Time shift and drift of station DES4, as derived from cross-correlating body-wave phases of 10 different teleseismic earthquakes. Pn, P, and PP phases (red crosses), as well as Sn, S, and SS phases (blue circles) have been used (where observable, respectively). The vertical black lines mark the times of the 8 April and 21 April 2009 local events, where the corresponding time shift can be estimated (by eye) as −14.25 and −15.1 s (black dots). The theoretical travel time difference for phase arrivals at the two stations was less than 0.07 s for all investigated phases and has been neglected in the computation. The seismograms were filtered between 0.01 and 0.5 Hz before calculating the cross-correlation. Time windows of 60 s length have been used