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Satellite Glial Cells and Astrocytes, a Comparative Review

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Abstract

Astroglia are neural cells, heterogeneous in form and function, which act as supportive elements of the central nervous system; astrocytes contribute to all aspects of neural functions in health and disease. Through their highly ramified processes, astrocytes form close physical contacts with synapses and blood vessels, and are integrated into functional syncytia by gap junctions. Astrocytes interact among themselves and with other cells types (e.g., neurons, microglia, blood vessel cells) by an elaborate repertoire of chemical messengers and receptors; astrocytes also influence neural plasticity and synaptic transmission through maintaining homeostasis of neurotransmitters, K+ buffering, synaptic isolation and control over synaptogenesis and synaptic elimination. Satellite glial cells (SGCs) are the most abundant glial cells in sensory ganglia, and are believed to play major roles in sensory functions, but so far research into SGCs attracted relatively little attention. In this review we compare SGCs to astrocytes with the purpose of using the vast knowledge on astrocytes to explore new aspects of SGCs. We survey the main properties of these two cells types and highlight similarities and differences between them. We conclude that despite the much greater diversity in morphology and signaling mechanisms of astrocytes, there are some parallels between them and SGCs. Both types serve as boundary cells, separating different compartments in the nervous system, but much more needs to be learned on this aspect of SGCs. Astrocytes and SGCs employ chemical messengers and calcium waves for intercellular signaling, but their significance is still poorly understood for both cell types. Both types undergo major changes under pathological conditions, which have a protective function, but an also contribute to disease, and chronic pain in particular. The knowledge obtained on astrocytes is likely to benefit future research on SGCs.

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Acknowledgments

We thank Prof. Amin Derouiche (University of Frankfurt) for helpful suggestions. MH was supported by the Israel Science Foundation (1297/18) and by the United States-Israel Binational Science Foundation (BSF, 2019076).

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  1. Laboratory of Experimental Surgery, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel

    Menachem Hanani

  2. Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK

    Alexei Verkhratsky

  3. Achucarro Center for Neuroscience, IKERBASQUE, 48011, Bilbao, Spain

    Alexei Verkhratsky

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Hanani, M., Verkhratsky, A. Satellite Glial Cells and Astrocytes, a Comparative Review. Neurochem Res 46, 2525–2537 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11064-021-03255-8

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