Abstract
A shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata Mill.) ripping study was established by the Missouri Department of Conservation in March 1988 at the Logan Creek Conservation Area, USA. The objective of the study was to evaluate the effects of ripping on soil chemical and physical properties, on free-to-grow status, and on survival and growth of planted shortleaf pine seedlings. After 16 years, ripping increased exchangeable calcium; however, it had no long-term effects on soil particle size, organic carbon, pH, exchangeable potassium and exchangeable magnesium. Ripping increased the percentage of free-to-grow saplings by 3.8% after two growing seasons. Ripping improved survival by 4% during the 1st three growing seasons and by 7.1% at age 16. After two growing seasons, ripping improved crown spread by 13.6%, height by 14.2%, diameter by 14%, and volume by 41.2%. At age 16, ripping no longer had an effect on shortleaf pine height and had reduced diameter by 5.3% and volume by 11.0%. Our results suggest that ripping 1) had no effect on long-term physical properties or chemical properties of the soil, 2) had no effect on the number of free-to-grow seedlings, and 3) produced short-term benefits on survival and growth of planted shortleaf pine.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Bateman JC, Chanasyk DS (2001) Effects of deep ripping and organic matter amendments on Ap horizons of soil reconstructed after coal strip-mining. Can J Soil Sci 81:113–120
Berry CR (1979) Subsoiling improves growth of pine on a Georgia Piedmont site. Research Note SE-284. USDA For. Serv., Ashville, NC. 3 pp
Brinkman K.A., Smith R.C. (1968) Managing shortleaf pine in Missouri. University of Missouri-Columbia Agriculture Experiment Station, Columbia, MO. Station Bulletin 875. 35 pp
Burt R (2004) Soil Survey Laboratory Methods Manual. Soil Survey Investigations Report No. 42. Version 4.0. USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service, Lincoln, Nebraska. 700 pp
Cunningham RJ, Hauser C (1989) The decline of Missouri Ozark forest between 1880 and 1920. In: Waldrop TA (ed) Proceedings of the Pine-hardwood mixtures: A symposium on the management and ecology of the type. General Technical Report SE-58, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Atlanta, GA pp 34–37
Essex BL, Spencer JS (1976) Timber in Missouri. Resource Bulletin NC-30. US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, North Central Forest Experiment Station, St. Paul, MN, 108 pp
Francis PJ, Bacon GJ, Gordon P (1984) Effects of ripping and nitrogen fertilizer on the growth and windfirmness of slash pine on a shallow soil on the Queensland coastal lowlands. Aust For 47:90–94
Gingrich SF (1962) Adjusting shortleaf pine volume tables for different limits of top utilization. USDA Forest Service, Tech. Pap. 190, 12 pp. Central States Forest Exp. Sta. Columbus, Ohio
Gott JD (1975) Soil survey of the Mark Twain National Forest Area, Missouri. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service and Forest Service in cooperation with Missouri Agriculture Experiment Station, Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. 106 pp
Johnson FE, Mitchem DO, Kreh RE (2002) The relationship between soils and folia nutrition for planted royal paulownia. In: Outcalt KW (ed) Proceedings of the eleventh biennial southern silvicultural research conference. USDA For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep SRC-48. pp 239–244
Knight AJP, Beale PE, Dalton GS (1998) Direct seeding of native trees and shrubs in low rainfall areas and on non-wetting sands in South Australia. Agroforestry Systems 39:225–239
Mathison MN, Chanasyk DS, Naeth MA (2002) Longevity of deep ripping effects on Solonetzic and associated soils. Can J Soil Sci 82:259–264
McClure L (1984) Mechanical site preparation. In: Artificial reforestation of shortleaf pine: a Missouri seminar. USDA For. Serv., Mark Twain National Forest, Rolla, MO pp 50–60
McClure L (1989) Alternatives for stand in management area 4.1: analysis and choice in forest project level planning. U. S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Mark Twain National Forest, Salem, Missouri, 52 pp
Mexal JG (1992) Artificial regeneration of shortleaf pine – putting it all together for success. In: Brissette JC, Barnett JP (eds), Proceedings of the shortleaf pine regeneration workshop, USDA Forest Service, General Technical Report 90. Southern Forest Exp. Sta. New Orleans, Louisiana pp 172–186
Nigh TA, Schroeder WA (2002) Atlas of Missouri Ecoregions. Missouri Department of Conservation, Jefferson City, MO. 212 pp
SAS Institute Inc. (1985) SAS® Language Guide for Personal Computers, Release 6.03 Edition. SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC, 558 pp
Wetter LG, Webster GR, Lickacz J (1987) Amelioration of a Solonetzic soil by subsoiling and liming. Can J Soil Sci 67:919–930
Wittwer RF, Dougherty PM, Cosby D (1986) Effects of ripping and herbicide site preparation treatments on loblolly pine seedling growth and survival. Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 10:253–257
Acknowledgements
The work reported was supported by the Missouri Department of Conservation. We acknowledge staff members of the Missouri Department of Natural Resources, in particular Leon Thompson and Dennis Meinert, for their assistance with soil sampling and Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Missouri-Columbia for soil analyses. We thank Dr. J. W. Van Sambeek for reviewing the manuscript.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Gwaze, D., Johanson, M. & Hauser, C. Long-term soil and shortleaf pine responses to site preparation ripping. New Forests 34, 143–152 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11056-007-9044-9
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11056-007-9044-9