Abstract
Zn–Ni–TiO2 and Zn–TiO2 nanocomposites were prepared by galvanostatic cathodic square wave deposition. X-ray diffraction analysis and scanning electron microscopy revealed that the occlusion of TiO2 nanoparticles (spherical shaped with diameter between 19.5 and 24.2 nm) promotes the formation of the γ-Ni5Zn21 phase, changes the preferred crystallographic orientation of Zn from (101) and (102) planes to (002), and decreases the particle size of the metallic matrices. The stability of the nanocomposites immersed in near-neutral 0.05 mold m−3 Na2SO4 solution (pH 6.2) was investigated over 24 h. The initial open circuit potential for the Zn–Ni–TiO2 and Zn–TiO2 coatings were −1.32 and −1.51 V (vs. Hg/Hg2SO4), respectively, and changed to −1.10 and –1.49 V (vs. Hg/Hg2SO4) after 24 h of immersion. Data extracted from the steady state polarization curves demonstrated that the metal–TiO2 nanocomposites have, with respect to the metal coatings, a higher corrosion potential in the case of the Zn–Ni alloy composite; a lower corrosion potential in the case of Zn-based nanocomposite albeit the predominant (002) crystallographic orientation; and a lower initial corrosion resistance due to the smaller grain size and higher porosity in the Zn–Ni–TiO2 and Zn–TiO2 nanocomposites. Morphological and chemical analyses showed that a thicker passive layer is formed on the surface of the Zn–Ni–TiO2 and Zn–TiO2 deposits. After 24 h of immersion in the sulphate solution, the Zn–Ni–TiO2 coating has the highest corrosion stability due to the double-protective action created by the deposit’s surface enrichment in Ni plus the higher amount of corrosion products.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Alberts D, Fernández B, Frade T, Gomes A, da Silva Pereira MI, Pereiro R, Sanz-Medel A (2011) Depth profile characterization of Zn–TiO2 nanocomposite films by pulsed radiofrequency glow discharge-optical emission spectrometry. Talanta 84:572–578. doi:10.1016/j.talanta.2011.01.076
Asgari H, Toroghinejad MR, Golozar MA (2008) Relationship between (00.2) and (20.1) texture components and corrosion resistance of hot-dip galvanized zinc coatings. J Mater Process Technol 198:54–59. doi:10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2007.06.068
Ashton RF, Hepworth MP (1968) Effect of crystal orientation on anodic polarization and passivity of zinc. Corrosion 24:50–53
Beltowska-Lehman E, Ozga P, Swiatek Z, Lupi C (2002a) Electrodeposition of Zn–Ni protective coatings from sulphatesulphate–acetate baths. Surf Coat Technol 151–152:444–448. doi:10.1016/S0257-8972(01)01614-0
Beltowska-Lehman E, Ozga P, Swiatek Z, Lupi C (2002b) Influence of structural factor on corrosion rate of functional Zn–Ni coatings. Cryst Eng 5:335–345. doi:10.1016/S1463-0184(02)00045-X
Benea L, Bonora PL, Borello A, Martelli S, Wenger F, Ponthiaux P, Galland J (2002) Preparation and investigation of nanostructured SiC–nickel layers by electrodeposition. Solid State Ion 151:89–95. doi:10.1016/S0167-2738(02)00586-6
Bérubé LPh, L’Espérance G (1989) A quantitative method of determining the degree of texture of zinc electrodeposits. J Electrochem Soc 136:2314–2315. doi:10.1149/1.2097318
Boshkov N, Tsvetkova N, Petrov P, Koleva D, Petrov K, Avdeev G, Tsvetanov Ch, Raichevsky G, Raicheff R (2008) Corrosion behavior and protective ability of Zn and Zn–Co electrodeposits with embedded polymeric nanoparticles. Appl Surf Sci 254:5618–5625. doi:10.1016/j.apsusc.2008.03.013
Bruet H, Bonino JP, Rousset A, Chauveau ME (1999) Structure of zinc–nickel alloyelectrodeposits. J Mater Sci 34:881–886. doi:10.1023/A:1004553803788
Byk TV, Gaevskaya TV, Tsybulskaya LS (2008) Effect of electrodeposition conditions on the composition, microstructure, and corrosion resistance of Zn–Ni alloy coatings. Surf Coat Technol 202:5817–5823. doi:10.1016/j.surfcoat.2008.05.058
Creus J, Mazille H, Idrissi H (2000) Porosity evaluation of protective coatings onto steel, through electrochemical techniques. Surf Coat Technol 130:224–232. doi:10.1016/S0257-8972(99)00659-3
Cullity BD (1978) Elements of X-ray diffraction, 2nd edn. Addison-Wesley, New York
de Tacconi NR, Boyles CA, Rajeshwar K (2000) Surface morphology/composition and photoelectrochemical behavior of metal–semiconductor composite films. Langmuir 16:5665–5672. doi:10.1021/la000037x
Deguchi T, Imai K, Matsui H, Iwasaki M, Tada H, Ito S (2001) Rapid electroplating of photocatalytically highly active TiO2–Zn nanocomposite films on steel. J Mater Sci 36:4723–4729. doi:10.1023/A:1017927021397
Frade T, Bouzon V, Gomes A, da Silva Pereira MI (2010) Pulsed-reverse current electrodeposition of Zn and Zn–TiO2 nanocomposite films. Surf Coat Technol 204:3592–3598. doi:10.1016/j.surfcoat.2010.04.030
Frade T, Gomes A, da Silva Pereira MI, Alberts D, Pereiro R, Fernández B (2011) Studies on the stability of Zn and Zn–TiO2 nanocomposite coatings prepared by pulse reverse current. J Electrochem Soc 158:C63–C70. doi:10.1149/1.3531949
Fujishima A, Rao TN, Tryk DA (2000) Titanium dioxide photocatalysis. J Photochem Photobiol C 1:1–21. doi:10.1016/S1389-5567(00)00002-2
Fustes J, Gomes A, da Silva Pereira MI (2008) Electrodeposition of Zn–TiO2 nanocomposite films—effect of bath composition. J Solid State Electrochem 12:1435–1443. doi:10.1007/s10008-007-0485-z
Ganesan P, Kumaraguru SP, Popov BN (2007) Development of compositionally modulated multilayer Zn–Ni deposits as replacement for cadmium. Surf Coat Technol 201:7896–7904. doi:10.1016/j.surfcoat.2007.03.033
Garcia E, Sarret M, Muller C, Ortega JA (2002) Residual stress and other structural characteristics of electroplated ZnNi alloys. J Electrochem Soc 149:C284–C288. doi:10.1149/1.1469033
Gavrila M, Millet JP, Mazille H, Marchandise D, Cuntz JM (2000) Corrosion behaviour of zinc–nickel coatings, electrodeposited on steel. Surf Coat Technol 123:164–172. doi:10.1016/S0257-8972(99)00455-7
Gomes A, da Silva Pereira MI, Mendonça MH, Costa FM (2005) Zn–TiO2 composite films prepared by pulsed electrodeposition. J Solid State Electrochem 9:190–196. doi:10.1007/s10008-004-0573-2
Gomes A, Almeida I, Frade T, Tavares AC (2010a) Zn–TiO2 and ZnNi–TiO2 nanocomposite coatings: corrosion behaviour. Mater Sci Forum 636–637:1079–1083. doi: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.636-637.1079
Gomes A, Frade T, da Silva Pereira MI (2010b) Studies on the stability of Zn and Zn–TiO2 nanocomposite coatings prepared by pulse reverse current. ECS Trans 28:13–23. doi:10.1149/1.3496419
ICDD File 4-0831 Power Diffraction File Alphabetical Index (1988) International Center for Diffraction Data (ed). Swarthmore, USA
ICDD File 6-653 Power Diffraction File Alphabetical Index (1988) International Center for Diffraction Data (ed). Swarthmore, USA
ICDD Files 32-1477 and 35-910 Power Diffraction File Alphabetical Index (1988) For ZnSO4 and Zn4SO4(OH)6, respectively, International Center for Diffraction Data (ed). Swarthmore, USA
Ismal KM, Elsherif RM, Badawy WA (2004) Effect of Zn and Pb contents on the electrochemical behavior of brass alloys in chloride-free neutral sulphate solutions. Electrochim Acta 49:5151–5160. doi:10.1016/j.electacta.2004.06.028
Lekka M, Zendron G, Zanella C, Lanzutti A, Fedrizzi L, Bonora PL (2011) Corrosion properties of micro- and nanocomposite copper matrix coatings produced from a copper pyrophosphate bath under pulse current. Surf Coat Technol 205:3438–3447. doi:10.1016/j.surfcoat.2010.12.003
Lempka Th, Leopold A, Dietrich D, Alisch G, Wielage B (2006) Correlation between structure and corrosion behaviour of nickel dispersion coatings containing ceramic particles of different sizes. Surf Coat Technol 201:3510–3517. doi:10.1016/j.surfcoat.2006.08.073
Lin CS, Lee HB, Hsieh SH (2000) Microstructure and formability of ZnNi alloy electrodeposited sheet steel. Met Mater Trans A 31A:475–485. doi:10.1007/s11661-000-0283-z
Ling CC, Huang CM (2006) Zinc–nickel alloy coatings electrodeposited by pulse current and their corrosion behaviour. JCT Res 3:99–104. doi:10.1007/s11998-006-0011-8
Müller C, Sarret M, Benballa M (2002) ZnNi/SiC composites obtained from an alkaline bath. Surf Coat Technol 162:49–53. doi:10.1016/S0257-8972(02)00360-2
Porter FR (1994) Corrosion resistance of zinc and zinc alloys. Mercel and Dekker Inc., New York
Praveen BM, Venkatesha TV (2008) Electrodeposition and properties of Zn-nanosized TiO2 composite coatings. Appl Surf Sci 254:2418–2424. doi:10.1016/j.apsusc.2007.09.047
Praveen BM, Venkatesha TV (2009) Electrodeposition and properties of Zn–Ni–CNT composite coatings. J Alloys Compd 482:53–57. doi:10.1016/j.jallcom.2009.04.056
Short NR, Zhou S, Dennis JK (1996) Electrochemical studies on the corrosion of a range of zinc alloy coated steel in alkaline solutions. Surf Coat Technol 79:218–224. doi:10.1016/0257-8972(95)02428-X
Takahashi A, Miyoshi Y, Hada T (1994) Effect of SiO2 colloid on the electrodeposition of zinc–iron group metal alloy composites. J Electrochem Soc 141:954–957. doi:10.1149/1.2054864
Thiemig D, Bund A (2008) Characterization of electrodeposited Ni–TiO2 nanocomposite coatings. Surf Coat Technol 202:2976–2984. doi:10.1016/j.surfcoat.2007.10.035
Tulio PC, Rodrigues SEB, Carlos IA (2007) The influence of SiC and Al2O3 micrometric particles on the electrodeposition of ZnNi films and the obtainment of ZnNi–SiC and ZnNi–Al2O3 electrocomposite coatings from slightly acidic solutions. Surf Coat Technol 202:91–99. doi:10.1016/j.surfcoat.2007.04.084
Vasilakopoulos D, Bouroushian M, Spyrellis N (2006) Texture and morphology of pulse plated zinc electrodeposits. J Mater Sci 41:2869–2875. doi:10.1007/s10853-005-5161-z
Vlasa A, Varsara S, Pop A, Bulea C, Muresan LM (2010) Electrodeposited Zn–TiO2 nanocomposite coatings and their corrosion behavior. J Appl Electrochem 40:1519–1527. doi:10.1007/s10800-010-0130-x
Zhang XG (1996) Corrosion and electrochemistry of zinc. Plenum Press, New York
Zhang B, Zhou H-B, Han E-H, Ke W (2009) Effects of a small addition of Mn on the corrosion behaviour of Zn in a mixed solution. Electrochim Acta 54:6598–6608. doi:10.1016/j.electacta.2009.06.061
Zheng HY, An MZ (2008) Electrodeposition of Zn–Ni–Al2O3 nanocomposite coatings under ultrasound conditions. J Alloys Compd 459:548–552. doi:10.1016/j.jallcom.2007.05.043
Zhou M, de Tacconi NR, Rajeshwar KJ (1997) Preparation and characterization of nanocrystalline composite (nanocomposite) films of titanium dioxide and nickel by occlusion electrodeposition. J Electroanal Chem 421:111–120. doi:10.1016/S0022-0728(96)04825-5
Acknowledgments
The authors acknowledge financial support from Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (Portugal), under research project PTDC/CTM/64856/2006, and A. C. Tavares acknowledges support from NSERC (Canada).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Gomes, A., Almeida, I., Frade, T. et al. Stability of Zn–Ni–TiO2 and Zn–TiO2 nanocomposite coatings in near-neutral sulphate solutions. J Nanopart Res 14, 692 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11051-011-0692-5
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11051-011-0692-5