Skip to main content
Log in

Cloud-based efficient scheme for handwritten digit recognition

  • Published:
Multimedia Tools and Applications Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Handwritten character recognition has been acknowledged and achieved more prominent attention in pattern recognition research community due to enormous applications & vagueness in application methods, while cloud computing delivers appropriate, on-demand access of network to a joint tarn of configurable computing resource & digital devices. Principally two steps, feature extraction & character recognition, are required for Handwritten Digit Recognition (HDR), which are primarily based on some classification algorithms. Previous studies show the nonexistence of higher precision and truncated computational swiftness for HDR procedure. “The projected research aimed to make the trail towards digitalization clearer by providing high accuracy and faster cloud-based computational for handwritten digits recognition. The current study utilized a cloud-based neural network (CNN) as a classifier, suitable parameters of dataset MNIST for testing and training purposes as a framework called DL4J for cloud-based handwritten digit recognition. The said system magnificently managed to obtained precision up to 99.41%, which is higher than previously projected systems. Additionally, the proposed method decreases cost and computational time significantly as using cloud-based architecture for testing and training; as a result, the algorithm becomes more efficient.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Alani, A.A. 2017, Arabic Handwritten Digit Recognition Based on Restricted Boltzmann Machine and Convolutional Neural Networks. Information. 8(4).

  2. Al-Hmouz R, Challa S (2010) License plate localization based on a probabilistic model. Mach Vis Appl 21(3):319–330

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Ali S, Shaukat Z, Azeem M, Sakhawat Z, Mahmood T, ur Rehman K (2019) An efficient and improved scheme for handwritten digit recognition based on convolutional neural network. SN Appl Sci 1(9):1125

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Arica, N. and F.T. Yarman-Vural 2001 An overview of character recognition focused on off-line handwriting. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part C (Applications and Reviews). 31(2): p. 216–233.

  5. Barroso, J., et al. 1997 Number plate reading using computer vision. In ISIE'97 Proceeding of the IEEE International Symposium on Industrial Electronics. IEEE.

  6. Boukharouba A, Bennia A (2017) Novel feature extraction technique for the recognition of handwritten digits. Appl Comput Informatics 13(1):19–26

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Busta, M., L. Neumann, and J. Matas 2017. Deep textspotter: An end-to-end trainable scene text localization and recognition framework. in Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision.

  8. Chen, B.-C., L.S. Davis, and S.-N. Lim (2019), An Analysis of Object Embeddings for Image Retrieval. arXiv preprint arXiv:1905.11903.

  9. Ciresan, D.C., et al. 2011 Convolutional neural network committees for handwritten character classification. In 2011 International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition. IEEE.

  10. Cireşan, D., U. Meier, and J. Schmidhuber (2012), Multi-column deep neural networks for image classification. arXiv preprint arXiv:1202.2745.

  11. Dutt A, Dutt A (2017) Handwritten digit recognition using deep learning. Intl J Adv Res Comput Eng Technol 6(7):990–997

    Google Scholar 

  12. Epshtein, B., E. Ofek, and Y. Wexler 2010. Detecting text in natural scenes with stroke width transform. In 2010 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition. IEEE.

  13. Ercoli S, Bertini M, Del Bimbo A (2017) Compact hash codes for efficient visual descriptors retrieval in large scale databases. IEEE Trans Multimed 19(11):2521–2532

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Fang, J., et al. (2017) Cloud Computing: Virtual Web Hosting on Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS). In International Conference on Mobile Ad-Hoc and Sensor Networks. Springer.

  15. Geng, T., et al. (2019), A Scalable Framework for Acceleration of CNN Training on Deeply-Pipelined FPGA Clusters with Weight and Workload Balancing. arXiv preprint arXiv:1901.01007.

  16. Ghosh, M.M.A. and A.Y. Maghari (2017). A comparative study on handwriting digit recognition using neural networks. In 2017 International Conference on Promising Electronic Technologies (ICPET). IEEE.

  17. Goodfellow, I.J., et al. 2013, Multi-digit number recognition from street view imagery using deep convolutional neural networks. arXiv preprint arXiv:1312.6082.

  18. Graves A, Schmidhuber J (2005) Framewise phoneme classification with bidirectional LSTM and other neural network architectures. Neural Netw 18(5–6):602–610

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Graves, A. and J. Schmidhuber (2009). Offline handwriting recognition with multidimensional recurrent neural networks. in Advances in neural information processing systems.

  20. Hanmandlu M, Murthy OR (2007) Fuzzy model based recognition of handwritten numerals. Pattern Recogn 40(6):1840–1854

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Hanmandlu, M., O.R. Murthy, and V. K. Madasu (2007). Fuzzy Model based recognition of handwritten Hindi characters. in 9th Biennial Conference of the Australian Pattern Recognition Society on Digital Image Computing Techniques and Applications (DICTA 2007). IEEE.

  22. Jana, R. and S. Bhattacharyya (2019), Character Recognition from Handwritten Image Using Convolutional Neural Networks, in Recent Trends in Signal and Image Processing, Springer. p. 23–30.

  23. Krizhevsky, A., I. Sutskever, and G.E. Hinton (2012). Imagenet classification with deep convolutional neural networks. in Advances in neural information processing systems.

  24. LeCun Y et al (1998) Gradient-based learning applied to document recognition. Proc IEEE 86(11):2278–2324

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Lee, S., et al. 2017 Car plate recognition based on CNN using embedded system with GPU. In 2017 10th International Conference on Human System Interactions (HSI). IEEE.

  26. Liakos KG et al (2018) Machine learning in agriculture: a review. Sensors 18(8):2674

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Mohebi E, Bagirov A (2014) A convolutional recursive modified self organizing map for handwritten digits recognition. Neural Netw 60:104–118

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Neumann, L. and J. Matas 2010. A method for text localization and recognition in real-world images. In Asian Conference on Computer Vision. Springer.

  29. Neumann, L. and J. Matas 2012. Real-time scene text localization and recognition. In 2012 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition. IEEE.

  30. Nielsen MA (2015) Neural networks and deep learning, vol 25. Determination press San Francisco, CA

    Google Scholar 

  31. O'Shea, K. and R. Nash (2015), An introduction to convolutional neural networks. arXiv preprint arXiv:1511.08458.

  32. Ososkov, G. and P. Goncharov (2018). Two-stage approach to image classification by deep neural networks. In EPJ Web of Conferences. EDP Sciences

  33. Polania LF, Barner KE (2017) Exploiting restricted Boltzmann machines and deep belief networks in compressed sensing. IEEE Trans Signal Process 65(17):4538–4550

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  34. Raus, M. and L. Kreft 1995. Reading car license plates by the use of artificial neural networks. In 38th Midwest Symposium on Circuits and Systems. Proceedings. IEEE.

  35. Shastry, S., et al. (2013) “i”—A novel algorithm for optical character recognition (OCR). In 2013 International Mutli-Conference on Automation, Computing, Communication, Control and Compressed Sensing (iMac4s). IEEE.

  36. Shaukat, Z., et al. (2018) Cloud based face recognition for google glass. In Proceedings of the 2018 International Conference on Computing and Artificial Intelligence. ACM.

  37. Shaukat, Z., et al. (2019) Facial Recognition on Cloud for Android Based Wearable Devices. In International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics. Springer.

  38. Shaukat Z et al (2020) Sentiment analysis on IMDB using lexicon and neural networks. SN Appl Sci 2(2):1–10

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Simard, P.Y., D. Steinkraus, and J.C. Platt 2003. Best practices for convolutional neural networks applied to visual document analysis. in Icdar.

  40. Singhal V, Aggarwal HK, Tariyal S, Majumdar A (2017) Discriminative robust deep dictionary learning for hyperspectral image classification. IEEE Trans Geosci Remote Sens 55(9):5274–5283

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Soundes B, Larbi G, Samir Z (2019) Pseudo Zernike moments-based approach for text detection and localisation from lecture videos. Int J Comput Sci Eng 19(2):274–283

    Google Scholar 

  42. Szegedy, C., et al. (2015) Going deeper with convolutions. in Proceedings of the IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition.

  43. Tan, H. H., K. H. Lim, and H. G. Harno (2017). Stochastic diagonal approximate greatest descent in neural networks. In 2017 International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN). IEEE.

  44. Teow, M.Y. (2017) Understanding convolutional neural networks using a minimal model for handwritten digit recognition. In 2017 IEEE 2nd International Conference on Automatic Control and Intelligent Systems (I2CACIS). IEEE.

  45. Toselli AH, Romero V, Pastor M, Vidal E (2010) Multimodal interactive transcription of text images. Pattern Recogn 43(5):1814–1825

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. Walker B et al (2019) Dermoscopy diagnosis of cancerous lesions utilizing dual deep learning algorithms via visual and audio (sonification) outputs: laboratory and prospective observational studies. EBioMed 40:176–183

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. Wang, T., et al. (2012) End-to-end text recognition with convolutional neural networks. In Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Pattern Recognition (ICPR2012). IEEE.

  48. Whatmough PN, Lee SK, Brooks D, Wei GY (2018) DNN engine: a 28-nm timing-error tolerant sparse deep neural network processor for IoT applications. IEEE J Solid State Circuits 53(9):2722–2731

    Article  Google Scholar 

  49. Xu Q, Pan G (2017) SparseConnect: regularising CNNs on fully connected layers. Electron Lett 53(18):1246–1248

    Article  Google Scholar 

  50. Yang J-B et al (2009) Feature selection for MLP neural network: the use of random permutation of probabilistic outputs. IEEE Trans Neural Netw 20(12):1911–1922

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. Younis KS, Alkhateeb AA (2017) A new implementation of deep neural networks for optical character recognition and face recognition. Proceedings of the new trends in information technology, Jordan, pp 157–162

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Funding

No Funding was obtained for this study.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Zeeshan Shaukat.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Additional information

Publisher’s note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Highlights

• Cloud-Based Handwritten Character Recognition System.

• Cloud Based Novel Neural Network

• 99.41% Accuracy Obtained, Decreases in Cost & Computational time

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Shaukat, Z., Ali, S., Farooq, Q.u.A. et al. Cloud-based efficient scheme for handwritten digit recognition. Multimed Tools Appl 79, 29537–29549 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-020-09494-1

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-020-09494-1

Keywords

Navigation