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Blind watermarking algorithm based on spiral scanning method and error-correcting codes

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Abstract

This work is a connecting link between the field of digital transmission and (3 Dimension) 3D watermarking. In fact, we propose in this paper a blind and robust watermarking algorithm for 3D multiresolution meshes. This data type, before being watermarked, is divided into GOTs (Group Of Triangles) using a spiral scanning method. At every instant, only one GOT is loaded into memory. It undergoes a wavelet transform. Embedding modifies the wavelet coefficients vector thus generated after being presented in a cylindrical coordinate system. After being watermarked, the current GOT will be released from memory to upload the next GOT. Information is coded using a turbo encoder to generate the codeword to be inserted. Once the entire mesh is scanned, the watermarked mesh is reconstructed. During extraction, the same steps are applied only on the watermarked mesh: our algorithm is then blind. Extracted data are decoded using Error-Correcting Code (turbocode) to correct errors that occurred. The results show that our algorithm preserves mesh quality even with a very large insertion rate while significantly minimizing used memory. Data extraction was done correctly despite the application of various attacks. Our algorithm is robust against most popular attacks such as similarity transformation, noise addition, smoothing, coordinate quantization, simplification and compression.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. REGIM: REsearch Group on Intelligent Machines, National School of Engineers, University of Sfax, BP 1173, Sfax, 3038, Tunisia

    Ikbel Sayahi, Akram Elkefi & Chokri Ben Amar

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  1. Ikbel Sayahi
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  2. Akram Elkefi
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  3. Chokri Ben Amar
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Correspondence to Ikbel Sayahi.

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Sayahi, I., Elkefi, A. & Amar, C.B. Blind watermarking algorithm based on spiral scanning method and error-correcting codes. Multimed Tools Appl 76, 16439–16462 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-016-3920-2

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-016-3920-2

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