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The role of autophagy and apoptosis in early brain injury after subarachnoid hemorrhage: an updated review

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Abstract

Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a worldwide devastating type of stroke with high mortality and morbidity. Accumulating evidence show early brain injury (EBI) as the leading cause of mortality after SAH. The pathological processes involved in EBI include decreased cerebral blood flow, increased intracranial pressure, vasospasm, and disruption of the blood–brain barrier. In addition, neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and autophagy have also been proposed to contribute to EBI. Among the various processes involved in EBI, neuronal apoptosis has been proven to be a key factor contributing to the poor prognosis of SAH patients. Meanwhile, as another important catabolic process maintaining the cellular and tissue homeostasis, autophagy has been shown to be neuroprotective after SAH. Studies have shown that enhancing autophagy reduced apoptosis, whereas inhibiting autophagy aggravate neuronal apoptosis after SAH. The physiological substrates and mechanisms of neuronal autophagy and apoptosis by which defects in neuronal function are largely unknown. In this review, we summarize and discuss the role of autophagy and apoptosis after SAH and contribute to further study for investigation of the means to control the balance between them.

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Acknowledgements

SC and QW were the principal investigators. YZ and YL wrote the paper. YL made the original figures. YZ and YL revised the figures. CL handled the language and made some comments.

Funding

This research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81971107).

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  1. Yue Zhao, Yujie Luo, and Yibo Liu have contributed equally to the paper.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Stomatology, The Children’s Hospital, National Clinic Research Center for Child Health,, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, People’s Republic of China

    Yue Zhao

  2. Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, People’s Republic of China

    Yujie Luo, Yibo Liu, Qun Wu & Sheng Chen

  3. Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of HongKong, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China

    Yujie Luo

  4. Burrell College of Osteopathic Medicine, Las Cruces, NM, USA

    Cameron Lenahan

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  1. Yue Zhao
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Zhao, Y., Luo, Y., Liu, Y. et al. The role of autophagy and apoptosis in early brain injury after subarachnoid hemorrhage: an updated review. Mol Biol Rep 49, 10775–10782 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11033-022-07756-9

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