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Neurotoxic and behavioral deficit in Drosophila melanogaster co-exposed to rotenone and iron

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Abstract

Exposure to environmental toxicants has been linked with the onset of different neurodegenerative diseases in animals and humans. Here, we evaluated the toxic effects of co-exposure to iron and rotenone at low concentrations in Drosophila melanogaster. Adult wild-type flies were orally exposed to rotenone (50.0 µM) and ferrous sulfate (FeSO4; 1.0 and 10.0 µM) through the diet for 10 days. Thereafter, we evaluated markers of oxidative damage (Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2), Nitric Oxide (NO), Protein Carbonyl, and malondialdehyde (MDA)), antioxidant status (catalase, Glutathione S-Transferase (GST), Total Thiol (T-SH) and Non-protein Thiol (NPSH), neurotransmission (monoamine oxidase; MAO and acetylcholinesterase, AChE) and mitochondrial respiration. The results indicated that flies fed rotenone and FeSO4 had impaired locomotion, reduced survival rate, and AChE activity with a corresponding increase in MAO activity when compared with the control (p < 0.05). Furthermore, rotenone and FeSO4 significantly decreased the antioxidant status with a concurrent accumulation of NO, MDA, and H2O2. Additionally, the activity of complex 1 and mitochondria bioenergetic capacity was compromised in the flies. These findings suggest that the combination of rotenone and FeSO4 elicited a possible synergistic toxic response in the flies and therefore provided further insights on the use of D. melanogaster in toxicological studies.

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Data availability

Data is available upon request. Contact Adeola O. adedara at adedaraadeola@yahoo.co.uk.

Code availability

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Drosophila Research and Training Centre, A2 Ajao Dental Street, Salami Somade Estate, Basorun, Ibadan, Nigeria

    Adeola O. Adedara, Titilayomi A. Otenaike & Amos O. Abolaji

  2. Molecular Drug Metabolism and Toxicology Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria

    Adeola O. Adedara, Isaac A. Adedara & Amos O. Abolaji

  3. Programa de Pos-Graduaçao em Bioquímica Toxicologica, Centro de Ciencias Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil

    Adeola O. Adedara & Ayodeji A. Olabiyi

  4. Department of Medical Biochemistry, Afe Babalola University, Ado Ekiti, Nigeria

    Ayodeji A. Olabiyi

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  1. Adeola O. Adedara
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  2. Titilayomi A. Otenaike
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  4. Isaac A. Adedara
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Contributions

A.O. Adedara: Conceptualization, Investigation, Data curation, Writing – Original Draft. T.A. Otenaike: Investigation, Data curation. A.A. Olabiyi: Investigation, Writing – review & editing. I.A. Adedara: Writing – review & editing. A.O. Abolaji: Conceptualization, Data curation, Validation, Writing – review & editing.

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Correspondence to Amos O. Abolaji.

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The use of Drosophila melanogaster requires no formal ethical approval; however, all experiments were performed in the most conducive environment and humane form as possible.

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Adedara, A.O., Otenaike, T.A., Olabiyi, A.A. et al. Neurotoxic and behavioral deficit in Drosophila melanogaster co-exposed to rotenone and iron. Metab Brain Dis 38, 349–360 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11011-022-01104-3

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