Abstract
The aim of this experiment was to evaluate the effects of bioactive peptides derived from enzymatic hydrolysis of cottonseed meal (CSBP) compared with zinc bacitracin, as an antibiotic growth promoter (AGP), on productive traits, serum lipid profile, and ileal microbial population in broiler chickens. A total number of 240-day-old broiler chicks (Ross 308) were allocated into 4 treatments, replicated 5 times based on a completely randomized design. The dietary treatments included a basal diet serving as control group, basal diet + 40 mg/kg zinc bacitracin as AGP group, and the basal diet supplemented with 15 or 20 g/kg CSBP substituting equal quantity of maize and soybean meal. Performance traits, including daily weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion ratio (FCR), and livability were recorded. At the end of the study, serum lipid parameters, ileal microbial population, and economical indices were determined. The results indicated that feed intake and FCR increased (P < 0.05) in birds receiving 20 g/kg CSBP over the entire period (1–35 days), but there was no significant effect of CSBP on body weight, although numerically higher than the control group. However, the antibiotic group showed a significant increase (P < 0.05) in body weight and feed intake. Livability, European Production Efficiency Factor (EPEF), and European Broiler Index (EBI) significantly improved in broiler chickens fed antibiotic and 15 g/kg CSBP supplement (P < 0.05). Adding 20 g/kg of CSBP to the diet significantly increased serum triglycerides and decreased low-density lipoproteins (LDL) compared to the control and antibiotic groups on day 35. The relative weight of abdominal fat and LDL to HDL ratio were significantly lower for CSBP and antibiotic treatments than the control group (P < 0.05). Supplementation of antibiotic and both graded levels of CSBP decreased the ileum population of Escherichia coli (P < 0.05). The current findings suggest that including CSBP in broiler diets may benefit production through improving growth rate of broilers and balancing gut microbiota population. In addition, CSBP could be considered as a potential alternative to antibiotics in an AGP free production system.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abdollahi MR, Zaefarian F, Gu Y et al (2017) Influence of soybean bioactive peptides on growth performance, nutrient utilisation, digestive tract development and intestinal histology in broilers. J Appl Anim Nutr 5:e7. https://doi.org/10.1017/JAN.2017.6
Abdollahi MR, Zaefarian F, Gu Y et al (2018) Influence of soybean bioactive peptides on performance, foot pad lesions and carcass characteristics in broilers. J Appl Anim Nutr 6:e3. https://doi.org/10.1017/JAN.2018.1
Adeyemo GO, Longe OG (2007) Effects of graded levels of cottonseed-cake on performance, haematological and carcass characteristics of broilers fed from day old to 8 weeks of age. Afr J Biotechnol 6:1064–1071
Alashi AM, Blanchard CL, Mailer RJ et al (2014) Antioxidant properties of Australian canola meal protein hydrolysates. Food Chem 146:500–506. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.09.081
Amer B, Clausen MR, Bertram HC et al (2017) Consumption of whey in combination with dairy medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs) may reduce lipid storage due to urinary loss of tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates and increased rates of MCFAs oxidation. Mol Nutr Food Res 61:1601048. https://doi.org/10.1002/mnfr.201601048
AOAC (2000) Official methods of analysis, 17th edn. AOAC, Washington DC, USA
AOCS (2009) Official methods and recommended practices of the American Oil Chemists Society, 6th edn. AOCS, Chicago IL
Baghban-Kanani P, Hosseintabar-Ghasemabad B, Azimi-Youvalari S et al (2020) Effect of dietary sesame (Sesame indicum L.) seed meal level supplemented with lysine and phytase on performance traits and antioxidant status of late-phase laying hens. Asian-Austral J Anim Sci 33:277–285. https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.19.0107
Baurhoo B, Ferket PR, Zhao X (2009) Effects of diets containing different concentrations of mannanoligosaccharide or antibiotics on growth performance, intestinal development, cecal and litter microbial populations, and carcass parameters of broilers. Poult Sci 88:2262–2272. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.2008-00562
Bellaloui N, Turley RB (2013) Effects of fuzzless cottonseed phenotype on cottonseed nutrient composition in near isogenic cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) mutant lines under well-watered and water stress conditions. Front Plant Sci 4:516–529. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2013.00516
Bolek Y, Tekerek H, Hayat K, Bardak A (2016) Screening of cotton genotypes for protein content, oil and fatty acid composition. J Agric Sci 8:107–121. https://doi.org/10.5539/jas.v8n5p107
De Oliveira Filho JG, Rodrigues JM, Valadares CF et al (2020) Bioactive properties of protein hydrolysate of cottonseed byproduct: antioxidant, antimicrobial, and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activities. Waste Biomass Valoriz. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-020-01066-6
Deutz N, Welters CFM, Soeters PB (1996) Intragastric bolus feeding of meals containing elementary, partially hydrolyzed or intact protein causes comparable changes in interorgan substrate flux in the pig. Clin Nutr 15:119–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0261-5614(96)80036-7
Dhillon GS (2016) Protein byproducts. Elsevier, New York
Diarra MS, Silversides FG, Diarrassouba F et al (2007) Impact of feed supplementation with antimicrobial agents on growth performance of broiler chickens, Clostridium perfringens and Enterococcus counts, and antibiotic resistance phenotypes and distribution of antimicrobial resistance determinants in Escheric. Appl Environ Microbiol 73:6566–6576. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.01086-07
Dust JM, Grieshop CM, Parsons CM et al (2005) Chemical composition, protein quality, palatability, and digestibility of alternative protein sources for dogs. J Anim Sci 83:2414–2422. https://doi.org/10.2527/2005.83102414x
Engberg RM, Hammershøj M, Johansen NF et al (2009) Fermented feed for laying hens: effects on egg production, egg quality, plumage condition and composition and activity of the intestinal microflora. Br Poult Sci 50:228–239. https://doi.org/10.1080/00071660902736722
Feng J, Liu X, Xu ZR et al (2007a) Effects of Aspergillus oryzae 3.042 fermented soybean meal on growth performance and plasma biochemical parameters in broilers. Anim Feed Sci Technol 134:235–242. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2006.08.018
Feng F, Liu X, Xu ZR et al (2007b) Effects of fermented soybean meal on digestive enzyme activities and intestinal morphology in broilers. Poult Sci 86:1149–1154. https://doi.org/10.1093/ps/86.6.1149
Gaíva MH, Couto RC, Oyama LM et al (2003) Diets rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids: effect on hepatic metabolism in rats. Nutrition 19:144–149. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0899-9007(02)00909-7
Hayes JR, English LL, Carter PJ et al (2003) Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of enterococcus species isolated from retail meats. Appl Environ Microbiol 69:7153–7160. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.69.12.7153-7160.2003
He Z, Zhang D, Cao H (2018) Protein profiling of water and alkali soluble cottonseed protein isolates. Sci Rep 08:9306. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-27671-z
Hiemstra PS, Zaat SAJ (2013) Antimicrobial peptides and innate immunity. Springer, New York
Hou Y, Wu Z, Dai Z et al (2017) Protein hydrolysates in animal nutrition: industrial production, bioactive peptides, and functional significance. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 8:24. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40104-017-0153-9
ISO 15214 (1998) Microbiology of food and animal feeding stuffs: horizontal method for the emumeration of mesophilic lactic acid bacteria: Colony-count technique at 30 °C. Int Organ Stand 1:121–129
Jazi V, Boldaji F, Dastar B et al (2017) Effects of fermented cottonseed meal on the growth performance, gastrointestinal microflora population and small intestinal morphology in broiler chickens. Br Poult Sci 58:402–408. https://doi.org/10.1080/00071668.2017.1315051
Kadam SU, Tiwari BK, Álvarez C, O’Donnell CP (2015) Ultrasound applications for the extraction, identification and delivery of food proteins and bioactive peptides. Trends Food Sci Technol 46:60–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2015.07.012
Kamnerdpetch C, Weiss M, Kasper C, Scheper T (2007) An improvement of potato pulp protein hydrolyzation process by the combination of protease enzyme systems. Enzyme Microb Technol 40:508–514. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enzmictec.2006.05.006
Karimzadeh S, Rezaei M, Yansari AT (2017) Effects of different levels of canola meal peptides on growth performance and blood metabolites in broiler chickens. Livest Sci 203:37–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2017.06.013
Karimzadeh S (2016) Effects of canola bioactive peptides on performance, digestive enzyme activities, nutrient digestibility, intestinal morphology and gut microflora in broiler chickens. Poult Sci J 4:27–36. https://doi.org/10.22069/psj.2016.2969
Kitts DD, Weiler K (2005) Bioactive proteins and peptides from food sources. Applications of bioprocesses used in isolation and recovery. Curr Pharm Des 9:1309–1323. https://doi.org/10.2174/1381612033454883
Knarreborg A, Simon MA, Engberg RM et al (2002) Effects of dietary fat source and subtherapeutic levels of antibiotic on the bacterial community in the ileum of broiler chickens at various ages. Appl Environ Microbiol 68:5918–5924. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.68.12.5918-5924.2002
Kogut MH, Arsenault RJ (2016) Editorial: gut health: the new paradigm in food animal production. Front Vet Sci 3:71. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2016.00071
Lee SI, Valim C, Johnston P et al (2009) Impact of fish oil-based lipid emulsion on serum triglyceride, bilirubin, and albumin levels in children with parenteral nutrition-associated liver disease. Pediatr Res 66:698–703. https://doi.org/10.1203/PDR.0b013e3181bbdf2b
Liu J, Sun H, Nie C et al (2018) Oligopeptide derived from solid-state fermented cottonseed meal significantly affect the immunomodulatory in BALB/c mice treated with cyclophosphamide. Food Sci Biotechnol 27:1791–1799. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10068-018-0414-1
Manikkam V, Vasiljevic T, Donkor ON, Mathai ML (2016) A Review of potential marine-derived hypotensive and anti-obesity peptides. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 56:92–112. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2012.753866
Marcu A, Vacaru-opri I, Dumitrescu G et al (2013) The influence of genetics on economic efficiency of broiler chickens growth. Anim Sci Biotechnol 46:339–346
Mastrofrancesco A, Ottaviani M, Aspite N et al (2010) Azelaic acid modulates the inflammatory response in normal human keratinocytes through PPARγ activation. Exp Dermatol 19:813–820. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0625.2010.01107.x
Mathivanan R, Selvaraj P, Nanjappan K (2006) Feeding of fermented soybean meal on broiler performance. Int J Poult Sci 5:868–872. https://doi.org/10.3923/ijps.2006.868.872
Mine Y, Li-Chan E, Jiang B (2011) Bioactive proteins and peptides as functional foods and nutraceuticals. Wiley-Blackwell, Iowa
Naji SAH, Al-Zamili IFB, Al-Gharawi JKM (2015) The effect of feed wetting and fermentation on the intestinal flora, humoral and cellular immunity of broiler chicks. Int J Adv Res 3:87–94
Niba AT, Beal JD, Kudi AC, Brooks PH (2009) Bacterial fermentation in the gastrointestinal tract of non-ruminants: influence of fermented feeds and fermentable carbohydrates. Trop Anim Health Prod 41:1393–1407. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-009-9327-6
Nie C, Zhang W, Ge W et al (2015a) Effects of fermented cottonseed meal on the growth performance, apparent digestibility, carcass traits, and meat composition in yellow-feathered broilers. Turk J Vet Anim Sci 39:350–356. https://doi.org/10.3906/vet-1410-65
Nie C, Zhang W, Yan L et al (2012) A study of metabolites of protein feed fermented with cottonseed meal mixed substrates. Chinese J Anim Nutr 24:1602–1609
Nie CX, Zhang WJ, Ge WX et al (2015b) Effect of cottonseed meal fermented with yeast on the lipid-related gene expression in broiler chickens. Rev Bras Cienc Avic 17:57–64. https://doi.org/10.1590/1516-635XSPECIALISSUENutrition-PoultryFeedingAdditives057-064
Niu JL, Zhang J, Wei LQ et al (2019) Effect of fermented cottonseed meal on the lipid-related indices and serum metabolic profiles in broiler chickens. Animals 9:930. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani9110930
Ravindran V (2013) Poultry feed availability and nutrition in developing countries: main ingredients used in poultry feed formulations Poultry development review. FAO, Rome, pp 67–69
Rolle RS (1998) Review: enzyme applications for agro-processing in developing countries: an inventory of current and potential applications. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 14:611–619. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008896500986
Salavati ME, Rezaeipour V, Abdullahpour R, Mousavi N (2019) Effects of graded inclusion of bioactive peptides derived from sesame meal on the growth performance, internal organs, gut microbiota and intestinal morphology of broiler chickens. Int J Pept Res Ther. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10989-019-09947-8
Sampath H, Ntambi JM (2004) Polyunsaturated fatty acid regulation of gene expression. Nutr Rev 62:333–339. https://doi.org/10.1301/nr.2004.sept.333-339
Santoso U, Tanaka K, Ohtani S (1995) Effect of dried Bacillus subtilis culture on growth, body composition and hepatic lipogenic enzyme activity in female broiler chicks. Br J Nutr 74:523–529. https://doi.org/10.1079/bjn19950155
SAS Institute (2016) SAS version 9.4: University Edition. SAS Inst Inc, Cary, NC
Sathe SK, Teuber SS, Roux KH (2005) Effects of food processing on the stability of food allergens. Biotechnol Adv 23:423–429. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biotechadv.2005.05.008
Shahidi F, Zhong Y (2008) Bioactive peptides. J AOAC Int 91:914–931
Sharma S, Singh R, Rana S (2011) Review article bioactive peptides: a review. Int J Bioautom 15:223–250
Sun H, Tang JW, Yao XH et al (2013) Effects of dietary inclusion of fermented cottonseed meal on growth, cecal microbial population, small intestinal morphology, and digestive enzyme activity of broilers. Trop Anim Health Prod 45:987–993. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-012-0322-y
Swiatkiewicz S, Arczewska-Wlosek A, Józefiak D (2016) The use of cottonseed meal as a protein source for poultry: an updated review. Worlds Poult Sci J 72:473–484. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0043933916000258
Tang JW, Sun H, Yao XH et al (2012) Effects of replacement of soybean meal by fermented cottonseed meal on growth performance, serum biochemical parameters and immune function of yellow-feathered broilers. Asian-Austral J Anim Sci 25:393–400
Tang X, Xiang R, Chen S et al (2018) Effects of fermented cottonseed meal and enzymatic hydrolyzed cottonseed meal on amino acid digestibility and metabolic energy in white leghorn rooster. Pak J Zool 50:957–962. https://doi.org/10.17582/journal.pjz/2018.50.3.957.962
Van Winsen RL, Urlings BAP, Lipman LJA et al (2001) Effect of fermented feed on the microbial population of the gastrointestinal tracts of pigs. Appl Environ Microbiol 67:3071–3076. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.67.7.3071-3076.2001
Wallace RJ, Oleszek W, Franz C et al (2010) Dietary plant bioactives for poultry health and productivity. Br Poult Sci 51:461–487. https://doi.org/10.1080/00071668.2010.506908
Wang JP, Liu N, Song MY et al (2011) Effect of enzymolytic soybean meal on growth performance, nutrient digestibility and immune function of growing broilers. Anim Feed Sci Technol 169:224–229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2011.06.012
Wang Y, Deng Q, Song D et al (2017) Effects of fermented cottonseed meal on growth performance, serum biochemical parameters, immune functions, antioxidative abilities, and cecal microflora in broilers. Food Agric Immunol 28:725–738. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540105.2017.1311308
Yuan XY, BinLiu W, Wang C et al (2020) Evaluation of antioxidant capacity and immunomodulatory effects of cottonseed meal protein hydrolysate and its derivative peptides for hepatocytes of blunt snout bream (Megalobrama amblycephala). Fish Shellfish Immunol 98:10–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2020.01.008
Zarei M, Ebrahimpour A, Abdul-Hamid A et al (2012) Production of defatted palm kernel cake protein hydrolysate as a valuable source of natural antioxidants. Int J Mol Sci 13:8097–8111. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms13078097
Zhang B, Cui Y, Yin G et al (2010) Synthesis and swelling properties of hydrolyzed cottonseed protein composite superabsorbent hydrogel. Int J Polym Mater Polym Biomater 59:1018–1032. https://doi.org/10.1080/00914031003760709
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Mohammadrezaei, M., Navidshad, B., Gheisari, A. et al. Cottonseed Meal Bioactive Peptides as an Alternative to Antibiotic Growth Promoters in Broiler Chicks. Int J Pept Res Ther 27, 329–340 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10989-020-10086-8
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10989-020-10086-8