Skip to main content
Log in

Gardening as a learning environment: A study of children’s perceptions and understanding of school gardens as part of an international project

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Learning Environments Research Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This article considers the impact of the early stages of an international project, Gardens for Life (GfL), on children’s perceptions of school gardening and on their learning. The project involved 67 schools in England, Kenya and India and focused on the growing of crops, recognising the importance of both the process and product of this activity in the different countries. The theoretical framework was derived from consideration of informal learning, and more specifically experiential learning, drawing on prior research undertaken in the context of school gardening. The research approach is characterised by the use of concept maps to uncover the characteristically different ways in which children discerned school gardening and to help to provide insight into their understanding of this activity. It was supported by contextual observation, interviews and children’s drawings to aid the interpretation and understanding. The study showed a positive impact on learning and on the perceptions of children towards school gardening in all three countries. It also highlighted the different perceptions, interpretations and understanding of school gardening in the different cultures and environments, as well as the various aspects of it which the children themselves highlighted.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Bandura, A. (1977). Social learning theory. New York: General Learning Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bruner, J. (1966). Towards a theory of instruction. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Butler, L. M., & Maronek, D. M. (2002). Urban and agricultural communities: Opportunities for common ground. (CAST Task Force Report 138). Ames, IA: Council for Agricultural Science and Technology.

    Google Scholar 

  • Buzan, T. (1993). Mind maps, radiant thinking. London: BBC Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Canaris, I. (1995). Growing foods for growing minds: Integrating gardening and nutrition education into the total curriculum. Children’s Environments, 12(2), 264–270.

    Google Scholar 

  • Capra, F. (2001). The school garden: Education for sustainable living. Roots 23, 21–24.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clark, M. T. (1977). The learning process: Why youth gardening. In B. Shalucha (Ed.), The long view ahead: Civic garden centers serving people, plants, ... plants, people. Bloomington, IN: National Civic Garden Centers, Inc., Indiana University Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Desmond, D., Grieshop, J., & Subramanium, A. (2004). Revisiting garden based learning in basic education. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dillon, J., Rickinson, M., Sanders, D., Teamey, K., & Benefield, P. (2003). Improving the understanding of food, farming and land management amongst school-aged children: A literature review. London: National Foundation for Educational Research and King’s College London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ernest, P. (1995). An introduction to research methodology and paradigms. Exeter, UK: University of Exeter.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gardner, H. (1983). Frames of mind: The theory of multiple intelligences. New York: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Govender, P., & Kotch, N. (2004). Reading, writing & a celery stick. eAfrica, July, 2, Retrieved May 12, 2006, from http://www.saiia.org.za.

  • Hoffman, A. J., Trepagnier, B., Cruz, A., & Thompson, D. (2004). Gardening activity as an effective measure in improving self-efficacy and self-esteem: Community college students learning effective living skills. The Community College Enterprise, 9, 231–239.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kinchin, I. M., Hay, D. B., & Adams, A. (2000). How a qualitative approach to concept map analysis can be used to aid learning by illustrating patterns of conceptual development. Educational Research, 42(1), 43–57.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Klemmer, C. D., Waliczek, T. M., & Zajicek, J. M. (2005). Growing minds: The effect of a school gardening program on the science achievement of elementary students. HortTechnology, 15(3), 448–452.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, D., & Greene, J. (1983). Your child’s drawings ... their hidden meaning. London: Hutchinson and Co.

    Google Scholar 

  • Malone, K., & Tranter, P. (2003). Children’s environmental learning and the use, design and management of schoolgrounds. Children, Youth and Environments, 13(2). Bolder, CO: University of Colorado. Retrieved May 2, 2007, from http://www.colorado.edu/journals/cye/13_2/Malone_Tranter/ChildrensEnvLearning.htm.

  • Marturano, A. (1999). The educational roots of garden-based instructions and contemporary gateways to gardening with children. Kindergarten education: Theory, Research and Practice, 4(1), 55–70.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miles, M., & Huberman, M. (1994). Qualitative data analysis. London: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Montessori, M. (1964). The Montessori Method. New York: Schocken Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Novak, J. D., & Gowin, D. B. (1984). Learning how to learn. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pellegrini, A. D., & Davis, P. L. (1993). Relations between children’s playground and classroom behaviour. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 63(1), 88–95.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reith, E. (1997). Drawing development. In A. M. Kindler (Ed.), Child development in art (Ch. 4, pp. 59–79). Reston, VA: National Art Education Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rennie, L. J., & Jarvis, T. (1995). Children’s choice of drawings to communicate their ideas about technology. Research in Science Education, 25, 239–252.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sheffield, B. K. (1992). The affective and cognitive effects of an interdisciplinary garden-based curriculum on underachieving elementary students. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC.

  • Skelly, S., & Zajicek, J. (1998). The effect of an interdisciplinary garden program on the environmental attitudes of elementary school students. HortTechnology, 8(4), 579–583.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, V. D., & Aldous, D. E. (1994). Effect of therapeutic horticulture on the self concept of the mildly intellectually disabled student. In F. M. Lindsey & J. S. Rice (Eds.), The healing dimensions of people-plant relations (pp. 215–221). UC Davis, CA: Centre for Design Research.

  • Special Programme for Food Security. (2004). Improving child nutrition and education through the promotion of school garden programmes (SPFS Handbook Series/DOC/31). Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO).

  • Titman, W. (1994). Special places; special people: The hidden curriculum of school grounds. Surrey, UK: World Wide Fund for Nature.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tochrim, W. M. K. (2002). Research methods knowledge base. Mason, OH: Atomic Dog Publishing. Retrieved April 9, 2006, from http://www.socialresearchmethods.net/kb/conmap.htm.

  • Vygotsky, L. S. (1978). Mind in society: The development of higher psychological processes. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Waliczek, T. M., Bradley, J. C., & Zajicek, J. M. (2001). The effect of school gardens on children’s interpersonal relationships and attitudes toward school. HortTechnology, 11(3), 466–468.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wertsch, J. V. (1985). Culture, communication, and cognition: Vygotskia perspectives. New York: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • White, R., & Gunstone, R. (2000). Probing understanding. London: Falmer Press.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The help given by Project Officers in England, Kenya and India, as well as the teachers and children in all six schools, is gratefully acknowledged. Gardens for Life is funded by DFID (UK Development Awareness Fund and the Central Research Department), DfES (UK Department for Education and Skills), the Syngenta Foundation, Creative Partnerships (Cornwall), Cisco Foundation, Barclays, Future Harvest and Ernest Cook Trust. The following organisations have been core to the development of the project: Eden Project, Science Across the World, Centre for Development Education (India), Global Dimension Trust, Kenya Youth Education and Community Development Programme, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew and Royal Horticultural Society.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Rob Bowker.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Bowker, R., Tearle, P. Gardening as a learning environment: A study of children’s perceptions and understanding of school gardens as part of an international project. Learning Environ Res 10, 83–100 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10984-007-9025-0

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10984-007-9025-0

Keywords

Navigation