Skip to main content
Log in

Prevalence of Criminal Thinking among State Prison Inmates with Serious Mental Illness

  • Original Article
  • Published:
Law and Human Behavior

Abstract

To examine the prevalence of criminal thinking in mentally disordered offenders, incarcerated male (n = 265) and female (n = 149) offenders completed measures of psychiatric functioning and criminal thinking. Results indicated 92% of the participants were diagnosed with a serious mental illness, and mentally disordered offenders produced criminal thinking scores on the Psychological Inventory of Criminal Thinking Styles (PICTS) and Criminal Sentiments Scale-Modified (CSS-M) similar to that of non-mentally ill offenders. Collectively, results indicated the clinical presentation of mentally disordered offenders is similar to that of psychiatric patients and criminals. Implications are discussed with specific focus on the need for mental health professionals to treat co-occurring issues of mental illness and criminality in correctional mental health treatment programs.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.

    Google Scholar 

  • Andrews, D. A., & Bonta, J. (2003). The psychology of criminal conduct (3rd ed.). Cincinnati, OH: Anderson Publishing Company.

    Google Scholar 

  • Andrews, D. A., & Bonta, J. (2006). Psychology of criminal conduct (4th ed.). Cincinnati, OH: Anderson Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Andrews, D. A., Wormith, J. S., & Kiessling, J. J. (1985). Self-reported criminal propensity and criminal behavior: Threats to the validity of assessments of attitudes and personality. Solicitor General Canada.

  • Andrews, D. A., Zinger, I., Hodge, R. D., Bonta, J., Gendreau, P., & Cullen, F. T. (1990). Does correctional treatment work? A clinically relevant and psychologically informed meta-analysis. Criminology, 28, 369–404. doi:10.1111/j.1745-9125.1990.tb01330.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bonta, J., Law, M., & Hanson, K. (1998). The prediction of criminal and violent recidivism among mentally disordered offenders: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 123, 123–142. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.123.2.123.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Commonwealth of Pennsylvania Department of Corrections. 2006. Risk and needs assessment guidelines. http://www.cor.state.pa.us/bis/lib/bis/Risk_and_Needs_Assessment_Guidelines.pdf. Retrieved 13 March 2008.

  • Desai, R. A., Lam, J., & Rosenheck, R. A. (2000). Childhood risk factors for criminal justice involvement in a sample of homless people with serious mental illness. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 188, 324–332. doi:10.1097/00005053-200006000-00002.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Drake, R. E., Becker, D. R., Bond, G. R., & Mueser, K. T. (2003). A process analysis of integrated and non-integrated approaches to supported employment. Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation, 18, 51–58.

    Google Scholar 

  • Drake, R. E., & Mueser, K. T. (2000). Psychosocial approaches to dual diagnosis. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 26, 105–118.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Drake, R. E., Yovetich, N. A., Bebout, R. R., Harris, M., & Mchugo, G. (1997). Integrated treatment for dually diagnosed homeless adults. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 185, 298–305. doi:10.1097/00005053-199705000-00003.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Essock, S. M., Mueser, K. T., Drake, R. E., Covell, N. H., McHugo, G. J., Frisman, L. K., et al. (2006). Comparison of ACT and standard case management for delivering integrated treatment for co-occurring disorders. Psychiatric Services (Washington, D.C.), 57, 185–196. doi:10.1176/appi.ps.57.2.185.

    Google Scholar 

  • First, M. B., Spitzer, R. L., Gibbon, M., & Williams, J. B. W. (1997). Structured clinical interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders (SCID-I): Clinical version. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fisher, W. H., Silver, E., & Wolff, N. (2006). Beyond criminalization: Toward a criminologically-informed mental health policy and services research. Administration & Policy in Mental/Health & Mental Health Services Research, 33, 544–557. doi:10.1007/s10488-006-0072-0.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gendreau, P. (1996). Offender rehabilitation: What we know and what needs to be done. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 23, 144–161. doi:10.1177/0093854896023001010.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hartwell, S. W., & Orr, K. (1999). The Massachusetts forensic transition program for mentally ill offenders re-entering the community. Psychiatric Services (Washington, D.C.), 50, 1220–1222.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hassine, V. (1996). Life without parole. Los Angeles: Roxbury Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hiday, V. A. (1999). Mental illness and the criminal justice system. In A. V. Horwitz & T. L. Scheid (Eds.), A handbook for the study of mental health: Social context, theories, and systems (pp. 508–525). New York: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holton, S. M. B. (2003). Managing and treating mentally disordered offenders in jails and prisons. In T. Fagan & R. K. Ax (Eds.), Correctional mental health handbook (pp. 101–122). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kranzler, H. R., Kadden, R. M., Babor, T. F., & Tennen, H. (1996). Validity of the SCID in substance abuse patients. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 91, 859–868. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1996.tb03580.x.

    Google Scholar 

  • Laberge, D., & Morin, D. (1995). The overuse of criminal justice dispositions: Failure of diversionary policies in the management of mental health problems. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 18, 389–414. doi:10.1016/0160-2527(95)00019-E.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lamb, H. R., & Weinberger, L. E. (1998). Persons with severe mental illness in jails and prisons: A review. Psychiatric Services (Washington, D.C.), 49, 483–492.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lysaker, P. H., & Salyers, M. P. (2007). Anxiety symptoms in schizophrenia spectrum disorders: Associations with social function, positive and negative symptoms, hope and trauma history. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 116, 290–298. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2007.01067.x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Malgady, R. G., Rogler, L. H., & Tryon, W. W. (1992). Issues of validity in the diagnostic interview schedule. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 26, 59–67. doi:10.1016/0022-3956(92)90016-H.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McCann, J. T., & Dyer, F. J. (1996). Forensic assessment with the Millon inventories. New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Millon, T. (1994). Millon clinical multiaxial inventory-III manual. Minneapolis, MN: National Computer Services.

    Google Scholar 

  • Millon, T., Davis, R., & Millon, C. (1997). Millon clinical multiaxial inventory-III manual (2nd ed.). Minneapolis, MN: National Computer Services.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moran, P., & Hodgins, S. (2004). The correlates of antisocial personality disorder in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 30, 791–802.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Morgan, R. D., Kroner, D. G., & Mills, J. F. (2008). Treating the mentally disordered offender: A model and guide for empirically supported practice. Manuscript under contract. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morgan, R. D., Winterowd, C. L., & Ferrell, S. W. (1999). A national survey of group psychotherapy services in correctional facilities. Professional Psychology, Research and Practice, 30, 600–606. doi:10.1037/0735-7028.30.6.600.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Morrissey, J. P., Meyer, P., & Cuddeback, G. (2007). Extending ACT to criminal justice settings: Origins, current evidence and future directions. Community Mental Health Journal, 43, 527–544. doi:10.1007/s10597-007-9092-9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mueser, K. T., Cricker, A. G., Frisman, L. B., Drake, R. E., Covell, N. H., & Essock, S. M. (2006). Conduct disorder and Antisocial Personality Disorder in persons with severe psychiatric and substance abuse disorders. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 32, 626–636. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbj068.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Munetz, M. R., & Griffin, P. A. (2006). Use of the sequential intercept model as an approach to decriminalization of people with serious mental illness. Psychiatric Services, 57, 544–549.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Piotrowski, C. (1997). The use of the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory in clinical practice. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 84, 1185–1186.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Quinsey, V. L., Harris, G. T., Rice, M. E., & Cormier, C. A. (1998). Mentally disordered offenders. In V. L. Quincy, G. T. Harris, M. E. Rice, & C. A. Cormier (Eds.), Violent offenders: Appraising and managing risk (pp. 75–101). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Randolph, F., Blasinsky, M., Morrissey, J. P., Rosenheck, R. A., Cocozza, J., Goldman, H. H., et al. (2002). Overview of the ACCESS program. Psychiatric Services (Washington, D.C.), 53, 945–948. doi:10.1176/appi.ps.53.8.945.

    Google Scholar 

  • Robins, L. N. (1993). Childhood conduct problems, adult psychopathology and crime. In S. Hodgins (Ed.), Mental disorder and crime (pp. 173–193). London: Sage Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roy, R. E., & Wormith, J. S. (1985). The effects of incarceration: Measuring criminal sentiments. Ottawa: Ministry of the Solicitor General of Canada.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schoenberg, M. R., Dorr, D., & Morgan, C. D. (2006). Development of discriminant functions to detect dissimulation for the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory (3rd ed.). Journal of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology, 17, 405–417. doi:10.1080/14789940600761394.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Segal, D. L., Hersen, M., & Van Hasselt, V. B. (1994). Reliability of the structured clinical interview for DMS-III-R: An evaluative review. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 35, 316–327. doi:10.1016/0010-440X(94)90025-6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Simourd, D. J. (1997). The Criminal Sentiments Scale-Modified and Pride in Delinquency Scale: Psychometric properties and construct validity of two measures of criminal attitudes. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 24, 52–70. doi:10.1177/0093854897024001004.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Simourd, D. J., & Olver, M. E. (2002). The future of criminal attitudes research and practice. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 29, 427–446. doi:10.1177/0093854802029004005.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Simourd, D. J., & Van De Ven, J. (1999). Assessment of criminal attitudes: Criterion-related validity of the Criminal Sentiments Scale-Modified and Pride in Delinquency Scale. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 26, 90–106. doi:10.1177/0093854899026001005.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Steadman, H. J. (1992). Boundary spanners: A key component for the effective interaction of the justice and mental health systems. Law and Human Behavior, 16, 75–87. doi:10.1007/BF02351050.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Steadman, H. J., Deane, M. W., Morrissey, J. P., Westcott, M. L., Salasin, S., & Shapiro, S. (1999). A SAMHSA research initiative assessing the effectiveness of jail diversion programs for mentally ill persons. Psychiatric Services (Washington, D.C.), 50, 1620–1623.

    Google Scholar 

  • Steadman, H. J., Morris, S. M., & Dennis, D. L. (1995). The diversion of mentally ill persons from jails to community-based services: A profile of programs. American Journal of Public Health, 85, 1630–1635. doi:10.2105/AJPH.85.12.1630.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Teplin, L. A. (1990). The prevalence of severe mental disorders among male urban jail detainees. American Journal of Public Health, 80, 663–669. doi:10.2105/AJPH.80.6.663.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Teplin, L. A., Abram, K. M., & McClelland, G. M. (1996). Prevalence of psychiatric disorders among incarcerated women jail detainees. Archives of General Psychiatry, 53, 505–512.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Texas Department of Criminal Justice. (2006). Fiscal year 2005: Executive summary. Retrieved March 15, 2006 from http://www.tdcj.state.tx.us/publications/executive/FY2005_Statistical_Report.pdf.

  • Toch, H. (1992). Mosaic of despair: Human breakdowns in prison (Rev. ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

  • Torrey, E. F. (1995). Editorial: Jails and prisons—America’s new mental hospitals. American Journal of Public Health, 85, 1611–1613. doi:10.2105/AJPH.85.12.1611.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Van Denburg, E. J., & Choca, J. P. (1997). Interpretation of the MCMI-III. In T. Millon (Ed.), The Millon inventories: Clinical and personality assessment (pp. 41–58). New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walters, G. D. (1990). The criminal lifestyle: Patterns of serious criminal conduct. Newbury Park: Sage Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walters, G. D. (1995). The Psychological Inventory of Criminal Thinking Styles. Part I. Reliability and preliminary validity. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 22, 307–325. doi:10.1177/0093854895022003008.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Walters, G. D. (1996). The Psychological Inventory of Criminal Thinking Styles: Part III. Predictive validity. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 40, 105–112. doi:10.1177/0306624X96402003.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Walters, G. D. (2002). The Psychological Inventory of Criminal Thinking Styles (PICTS): A review and meta-analysis. Assessment, 9, 278–291. doi:10.1177/1073191102009003007.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Walters, G. D. (2003). Changes in criminal thinking and identity in novice and experienced inmates. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 30, 399–421. doi:10.1177/0093854803253137.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Walters, G. D. (2006). The Psychological Inventory of Criminal Thinking Styles (PICTS) professional manual. Allentown, PA: Center for Lifestyle Studies.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walters, G. D., Elliott, W. N., & Miscoll, D. (1998). Use of the Psychological Inventory of Criminal Thinking Styles in a group of female offenders. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 25, 125–134. doi:10.1177/0093854898025001008.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Walters, G. D., & Geyer, M. D. (2005). Construct validity of the Psychological Inventory of Criminal Thinking Styles in relationship to the PAI, disciplinary adjustment, and program completion. Journal of Personality Assessment, 84, 252–260. doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa8403_04.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Walters, G. D., & Mandell, W. (2007). Incremental validity of the Psychological Inventory of Criminal Thinking Styles and Psychopathy Checklist: Screening version in predicting disciplinary outcome. Law and Human Behavior, 31, 141–157. doi:10.1007/s10979-006-9051-y.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Walters, G. D., & Schlauch, C. (2008). The Psychological Inventory of Criminal Thinking Styles and Level of Service Inventory-Revised: Screening version as predictors of official and self-reported disciplinary infractions. Law and Human Behavior, 32, 454–462. doi:10.1007/s10979-007-9117-5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weiner, D. B. (2008). The madman in the light of reason: Enlightenment psychiatry. In E. R. Wallace & J. Gach (Eds.), History of psychiatry and medical psychology: With an epilogue on psychiatry and the mind-body relation (pp. 255–277). New York: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, A. B., & Draine, J. (2006). Collaborations between criminal justice and mental health systems for prisoner reentry. Psychiatric Services (Washington, D.C.), 57, 875–878. doi:10.1176/appi.ps.57.6.875.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wormith, J. S., & Andrews, D. A. (1984). Criminal sentiments and criminal behavior: A construct validation. Ottawa: Solicitor General Canada.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yochelson, S., & Samenow, S. E. (1976). The criminal personality volume I: A profile for change. New York: Jason Aronson.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

This study was funded by the National Institute of Mental Health (R34 MH070401-01A1). The research contained in this document was coordinated in part by the Texas Department of Criminal Justice (Project Number 475-R05). The contents of this manuscript reflect the views of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the Texas Department of Criminal Justice.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Robert D. Morgan.

About this article

Cite this article

Morgan, R.D., Fisher, W.H., Duan, N. et al. Prevalence of Criminal Thinking among State Prison Inmates with Serious Mental Illness. Law Hum Behav 34, 324–336 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10979-009-9182-z

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10979-009-9182-z

Keywords

Navigation