Abstract
A series of shredded paper fire experiments were conducted by means of a calorimeter. The mass loss rate and heat release rate were measured. The flame spread process was recorded, which shows that the flame spread process can be divided into four typical stages, and the mean spread rates along different directions were obtained from the observed combustion process. Based on the mean flame spread rate, a mathematical model for predicting the burning surface as a function of time during the four stages is established. Combining this model with the effective heat of combustion calculated from measured mass loss rate and heat release rate, an improved model to predict the heat release rate as a function of time was developed. In this model, the linear relationship between heat release rate and burning surface is found, and the predicted result agrees well with the measured heat release rate.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Hirunpraditkoon S, Dlugogorski B, Kennedy E. Fire properties of surrogate refuse-derived fuels. Fire Mater. 2006;30(2):107–30.
Hogland W, Marques M. Physical, biological and chemical processes during storage and spontaneous combustion of waste fuel. Resour Conserv Recycl. 2003;40(1):53–69.
Drysdale D. An introduction to fire dynamics. London: Wiley; 2011.
Babrauskas V, Peacock RD. Heat release rate: the single most important variable in fire hazard. Fire Saf J. 1992;18(3):255–72.
ABCB, International Fire Engineering Guidelines. Australian Building Codes Board. Australia: Canberra; 2005.
SFS, Practice Note for Design Fires, Society of Fire Safety, Engineers Australia, Sydney. 2012.
Rie D-H, Moon S-W, Lim K-B. Combustion and thermal properties of paper honeycomb: treatment of phosphorus-based flame retardant agents. J Therm Anal Calorim. 2011;107(2):535–9.
Zhou S, Wang C, Xu Y, Hu Y. The pyrolysis of cigarette paper under the conditions that simulate cigarette smouldering and puffing. J Therm Anal Calorim. 2011;104(3):1097–106.
Bartoli P, Simeoni A, Reszka P, Torero J, Santoni P. A study on forest fuel combustion dynamics using the fire propagation apparatus. In: Proceedings of European Combustion Symposium, Vienna. 2009.
Houssami ME, Thomas JC, Lamorlette A, Morvan D, Chaos M, Hadden R, Simeoni A. Experimental and numerical studies characterizing the burning dynamics of wildland fuels. Combust Flame. 2016;168:113–26.
Braun E. A fire hazard evaluation of the interior of WMATA metrorail cars. National Bureau of Standards. 1975.
Hathaway WT, Litant I. Assessment of Bart Fire-hardening Programs. The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 1982.
Peacock R, Reneke P, Averill J, Bukowski R, Klote J. Fire safety of passenger trains; phase II: application of fire hazard analysis techniques. National Institute of Standards and Technology. 2002.
Reinhardt, JW, Blake D, Marker T. Development of a minimum performance standard for aircraft cargo compartment gaseous fire suppression systems. DTIC Document. 2000.
Niu Y, He Y, Hu X, Zhou D, Lin C-H, Yin J, Yao W, Wang J. Experimental study of burning rates of cardboard box fires near sea level and at high altitude. Proc Combust Inst. 2013;34(2):2565–73.
Yao W, Hu X, Rong J, Wang J, Zhang H. Experimental study of large-scale fire behavior under low pressure at high altitude. J Fire Sci. 2013;31(6):481–94.
Manzello SL, Cleary TG, Shields JR, Yang JC. On the ignition of fuel beds by firebrands. Fire Mater. 2006;30(1):77–87.
Manzello SL, Shields JR, Yang JC, Hayashi Y, Nii D. On the use of a firebrand generator to investigate the ignition of structures in wildland–urban interface (WUI) fires. In: 11th international conference on fire science and engineering (INTERFLAM). 2007.
Manzello SL, Cleary TG, Shields JR, Maranghides A, Mell W, Yang JC. Experimental investigation of firebrands: generation and ignition of fuel beds. Fire Saf J. 2008;43(3):226–33.
Luche J, Rogaume T, Richard F, Guillaume E. Characterization of thermal properties and analysis of combustion behavior of PMMA in a cone calorimeter. Fire Saf J. 2011;46(7):451–61.
Saito K, Quintiere J, Williams F. Upward turbulent flame spread. In: Fire safety science-proceedings of the first international symposium. 1986.
Quintiere J. An approach to modeling wall fire spread in a room. Fire Saf J. 1981;3(4):201–14.
Rothermel RA. A mathematical model for predicting fire spread in wildland fuels[J]. Research paper/Intermountain forest and range experiment station. USDA (INT-115). 1972.
Redfern J. Rate of heat release measurement using the cone calorimeter. J Therm Anal Calorim. 1989;35(6):1861–77.
Parker WJ. Calculations of the heat release rate by oxygen consumption for various applications. J Fire Sci. 1984;2(5):380–95.
Huggett C. Estimation of rate of heat release by means of oxygen consumption measurements. Fire Mater. 1980;4(2):61–5.
Janssens ML. Measuring rate of heat release by oxygen consumption. Fire Technol. 1991;27(3):234–49.
Chen M, Yuen R, Wang J. An experimental study about the effect of arrangement on the fire behaviors of lithium-ion batteries. J Therm Anal Calorim. doi:10.1007/s10973-017-6158-y.
ISO 5660:1, Reaction to fire tests—heat release, smoke production and mass loss rate—part 1: heat release rate (cone calorimeter method). 2002.
Chen M, Liu J, Lin X, Huang Q, Yuen R, Wang J. Combustion characteristics of primary lithium battery at two altitudes. J Therm Anal Calorim. 2016;124(2):865–70.
Liu J, Chen M, Lin X, Yuen R, Wang J. Impacts of ceiling height on the combustion behaviors of pool fires beneath a ceiling. J Therm Anal Calorim. 2016;126(2):881–9.
Tihay V, Morandini F, Santoni PA, Perez-Ramirez Y, Barboni T. Study of the influence of fuel load and slope on a fire spreading across a bed of pine needles by using oxygen consumption calorimetry. J Phys: Conf Ser. 2012;395:012075.
Ucuncu A, Veisilind A. Energy recovery from mixed paper waste. Final Report, Duke University, North Carolina, 1993.
Finney MA, Cohen JD, Grenfell IC, Yedinak KM. An examination of fire spread thresholds in discontinuous fuel beds < a class=. Int J Wildland Fire. 2010;19(2):163–70.
Dupuy J-L. Slope and fuel load effects on fire behavior: laboratory experiments in pine needles fuel beds. Int J Wildland Fire. 1995;5(3):153–64.
Silvani X, Morandini F, Dupuy J-L. Effects of slope on fire spread observed through video images and multiple-point thermal measurements. Exp Thermal Fluid Sci. 2012;41:99–111.
Tihay V, Morandini F, Santoni P-A, Perez-Ramirez Y, Barboni T. Combustion of forest litters under slope conditions: burning rate, heat release rate, convective and radiant fractions for different loads. Combust Flame. 2014;161(12):3237–48.
Kashiwagi T, McGrattan KB. Effects of slow wind on localized radiative ignition and transition to flame spread in microgravity. Symp (International) Combus. 1996;26(1):1345–52.
Quintiere JG, Haynes G, Rhodes BT. Applications of a model to predict flame spread over interior finish materials in a compartment. J Fire Prot Eng. 1995;7(1):1–13.
Hasemi Y. Surface flame spread. In: Hurley MJ, editor. SFPE handbook of fire protection engineering. New York: Springer; 2016. p. 705–23.
Wu K-K, Chen C-H. A numerical analysis of ignition to steady downward flame spread over a thin solid fuel. Combust Sci Technol. 2003;175(5):933–64.
Ayani M, Esfahani J, Sousa A. The effect of surface regression on the downward flame spread over a solid fuel in a quiescent ambient. Thermal Science. 2007;11(2):67–86.
Zhao K, Zhou X-D, Liu X-Q, Lu L, Wu Z-B, Peng F, Ju X-Y, Yang L-Z. Prediction of three-dimensional downward flame spread characteristics over poly(methyl methacrylate) slabs in different pressure environments. Materials. 2016;9(11):948.
Acknowledgements
This research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 51376172).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Lin, X., He, Y., Jiang, W. et al. Prediction of heat release rate of shredded paper tapes based on profile burning surface. J Therm Anal Calorim 130, 2215–2225 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-017-6517-8
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-017-6517-8