Abstract
The rate of heat release is the most important parameter for characterising an unwanted fire. The oxygen consumption principle has accelerated the development and use of equipment of measure rate of heat release. The Cone Calorimeter is the most significant of small scale instruments in this field. The paper describes the apparatus and theory. Applications including correlation with large scale fire tests are discussed.
Zusammenfassung
Bei der Charakterisierung von Feuerfällen ist die Wärmefreisetzungsgeschwindigkeit der wichtigste Parameter. Durch das Sauerstoffverbrauchsprinzip wurde die Entwicklung und Anwendung einer Vorrichtung zur Messung von Wärmefreisetzungsgeschwindigkeiten beschleunigt. Das bedeutendste an Meßgeräten mit kleinem Meßbereich auf diesen Gebeit ist das Cone-Kalorimeter. Es werden hier Apparat und Theorie beschrieben. Anwendungen sowie der Vergleich mit Feuertests bei größerem Meßbereich werden beschrieben.
Резюме
Скорость выделения т епла является наибол ее важным параметром оп ределения нежелательного восп ламенения. Использов ание принципа расхода кис лорода ускорило разр аботку и использование аппа ратуры для измерения скорости выделения тепла. Кону сный Калориметр является наиболее важным сред и малогабаритных приб оров. В статье описыва ется аппаратура и их теори я. Обсуждено применен ие такой аппаратуры, включая т естирование их с крупномасштабными п ожарами.
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Abbreviations
- A s :
-
specimen exposed surface area (m2)
- b :
-
stoichiometric factor (−)
- C :
-
orifice meter calibraton constant
- F :
-
view factor (−)
- Δh c :
-
net heat of combustion (kJ kg−1)
- M :
-
molecular weight (g mol−1)
- m :
-
mass flow (kg s−1)
- n :
-
mole flow (mol s−1)
- ΔP :
-
orifice meter pressure differential (Pa)
- q :
-
heat rate (kW)
- q″ :
-
heat per unit area (kW m−2)
- r 0 :
-
stoichiometric oxygen/fuel mass ratio (−)
- t :
-
time (s)
- Δt :
-
time increment (s)
- T e :
-
temperature for orifice meter (K)
- V :
-
volume flow rate (m3 −1)
- X :
-
mole fraction (−1)
- β :
-
oxygen analyser response parameter (s−1)
- E :
-
emissivity (−)
- σ :
-
Stefan-Boltzmann constant (5.67×10−11 kW m−2 K−4)
- air:
-
air
- CO2 :
-
carbon dioxide
- conv:
-
sensible enthalpy flow component
- d :
-
delay
- e :
-
exhaust
- f :
-
fuel
- g :
-
gauge
- h :
-
heater
- O2 :
-
oxygen
- p :
-
pyrolysis
- ∞:
-
ambient conditions
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Redfern, J.P. Rate of heat release measurement using the Cone Calorimeter. Journal of Thermal Analysis 35, 1861–1877 (1989). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01911673
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01911673