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TG–MS–FTIR (evolved gas analysis) of kaolinite–urea intercalation complex

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Abstract

The products evolved during the thermal decomposition of kaolinite–urea intercalation complex were studied by using TG–FTIR–MS technique. The main gases and volatile products released during the thermal decomposition of kaolinite–urea intercalation complex are ammonia (NH3), water (H2O), cyanic acid (HNCO), carbon dioxide (CO2), nitric acid (HNO3), and biuret ((H2NCO)2NH). The results showed that the evolved products obtained were mainly divided into two processes: (1) the main evolved products CO2, H2O, NH3, HNCO are mainly released at the temperature between 200 and 450 °C with a maximum at 355 °C; (2) up to 600 °C, the main evolved products are H2O and CO2 with a maximum at 575 °C. It is concluded that the thermal decomposition of the kaolinite–urea intercalation complex includes two stages: (a) thermal decomposition of urea in the intercalation complex takes place in four steps up to 450 °C; (b) the dehydroxylation of kaolinite and thermal decomposition of residual urea occurs between 500 and 600 °C with a maximum at 575 °C. The mass spectrometric analysis results are in good agreement with the infrared spectroscopic analysis of the evolved gases. These results give the evidence on the thermal decomposition products and make all explanation have the sufficient evidence. Therefore, TG–MS–IR is a powerful tool for the investigation of gas evolution from the thermal decomposition of materials and its intercalation complexes.

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Acknowledgements

The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support provided by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 51034006 and 41002128), China Postdoctoral Science Foundation funded project (Nos. 2011M500034 and 2012T50160) and the Open Research Project of State Key Laboratory for Coal Resources and Safe Mining, China University of Mining & Technology (SKLCRSM11KFB06).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Geoscience and Surveying Engineering, China University of Mining & Technology, Beijing, 100083, People’s Republic of China

    Hongfei Cheng, Qinfu Liu, Bo Sun & Yanxia Kang

  2. State Key Laboratory of Coal Resources and Safe Mining, China University of Mining & Technology, Beijing, 100083, People’s Republic of China

    Hongfei Cheng

  3. The Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment and Resource Recycle, Ministry of Education, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, 621010, People’s Republic of China

    Jing Liu

  4. School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, GPO Box 2434, Brisbane, QLD, 4001, Australia

    Ray L. Frost

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  1. Hongfei Cheng
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Cheng, H., Liu, Q., Liu, J. et al. TG–MS–FTIR (evolved gas analysis) of kaolinite–urea intercalation complex. J Therm Anal Calorim 116, 195–203 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-013-3383-x

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