Abstract
This paper accentuates on the practical aspects and intricate technicalities involved in the large-scale production of 177Lu with specific activity >740 GBq mg−1 following (n,γ)177Lu route in a medium flux (~1.2 × 1014 n cm−2 s−1 thermal neutron) research reactor. The implication of target burn-up on the specific activity of 177Lu during irradiation was discussed in detail. 177Lu obtained from this route has been extensively utilized for targeted therapy in patients with neuroendocrine tumor in India. The important details available from our experience, as well as technical know-how, would be of considerable value for institutions planning to pursue 177Lu production through (n,γ)177Lu route.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Cutler CS, Hennkens HM, Sisay N, Huclier-Markai S, Jurisson SS (2013) Radiometals for combined imaging and therapy. Chem Rev 113:858–883
Das T, Pillai MRA (2013) Options to meet the future global demand of radionuclides for radionuclide therapy. Nucl Med Biol 40:23–32
Banerjee S, Das T, Chakraborty S, Venkatesh M (2012) Emergence and present status of Lu-177 in targeted radiotherapy: the Indian scenario. Radiochim Acta 100:115–126
Kwekkeboom DJ, Bakker WH, Kam BL, Teunissen JJM, Kooij PPM, Herder WW, Feelders RA, Eijck CHJ, Jong M, Srinivisan A, Erion JL, Krenning EP (2003) Treatment of patients with gastro-entero-pancreatic (GEP) tumors with the novel radiolabelled somatostatin analogue [177Lu-DOTA0, Tyr3]octreotate. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Img 30:417–422
Kam BLR, Teunissen JJM, Krenning EP, de Herder WW, Khan S, van Vliet EI, Kwekkeboom DJ (2012) Lutetium-labelled peptides for therapy of neuroendocrine tumours. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 39(Suppl 1):S103–S112
Kwekkeboom DJ, de Herder WW, van Eijck CHJ, Kam BL, van Essen M, Teunissen JJM, Krenning EP (2010) Peptide receptor radionuclide therapy in patients with gastro-enteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. Semin Nucl Med 40:78–88
Wehrmann C, Senftleben S, Zachert C, Muller D, Baum RP (2007) Results of individual patient dosimetry in peptide receptor radionuclide therapy with 177Lu DOTA-TATE and 177Lu DOTA-NOC. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 22:406–416
de Jong M, Breeman WA, Valkema R, Bernard BF, Krenning EP (2005) Combination radionuclide therapy using 177Lu- and 90Y-labeled somatostatin analogs. J Nucl Med 46(Suppl 1):13S–17S
Das T, Bhadwal M, Banerjee S, Sarma HD, Shinto A, Kamaleshwaran KK (2014) Preparation of DOTA-TATE and DOTA-NOC freeze dried kits for formulation of patient doses of 177Lu-labeled agents and their comparison for peptide receptor radionuclide therapy application. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 299:1389–1398
Danthala M, Kallur KG, Prashant GR, Rajkumar K, Raghavendra Rao M (2014) 177Lu-DOTATATE therapy in patients with neuroendocrine tumors: 5 year’s experience from a teriary cancer centre in India. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. doi:10.1007/s00259-014-2710-1)
Chakraborty S, Das T, Banerjee S, Balogh L, Chaudhari PR, Sarma HD, Polyák A, Máthé D, Venkatesh M, Janoki GA, Pillai MRA (2008) 177Lu-EDTMP : a viable bone pain palliative in skeletal metastasis. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 23:202–213
Chakraborty S, Das T, Sarma HD, Venkatesh M, Banerjee S (2008) Comparative studies of 177Lu-EDTMP and 177Lu-DOTMP as potential agents for palliative radiotherapy of bone metastasis. Appl Radiat Isot 66:1196–1205
Máthé D, Balogh L, Polyák A, Király R, Márián T, Pawlak D, Zaknun JJ, Pillai MRA, Janoki GA (2010) Multispecies animal investigation on biodistribution, pharmacokinetics and toxicity of 177Lu-EDTMP, a potential bone pain palliation agent. Nucl Med Biol 37:215–226
Yuan J, Liu C, Liu X, Wang Y, Kuai D, Zhang G, Zaknun JJ (2013) Efficacy and safety of 177Lu-EDTMP in bone metastatic pain palliation in breast cancer and hormone refractory prostate cancer: a phase II study. Clin Nucl Med 38:88–92
Meredith RF, Partridge EE, Alvarez RD, Khazaeli MB, Plott G, Russell CD, Wheeler RH, LoBuglio AF (1996) Intraperitoneal radioimmunotherapy of ovarian cancer with lutetium-177-CC49. J Nucl Med 37:1491–1496
Bander NH, Milowsky MI, Nanus DM, Kostakoglu L, Vallabhajosula S, Goldsmith SJ (2005) Phase I trial of 177Lutetium-labeled J591, a monoclonal antibody to prostate-specific membrane antigen, in patients with androgen independent prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol 23:4591–4601
Rasaneh S, Rajabi H, Babaei MH, Daha FJ, Salouti M (2009) Radiolabeling of trastuzumab with 177Lu via DOTA, a new radiopharmaceutical for radioimmunotherapy of breast cancer. Nucl Med Biol 36:363–369
Vera DR, Eigner S, Henke KE, Lebeda O, Melichar F, Beran M (2012) Preparation and preclinical evaluation of 177Lu-nimotuzumab targeting epidermal growth factor receptor overexpressing tumors. Nucl Med Biol 39:3–13
Firestone R, Shirley VS (1996) Table of isotopes, 8th edn. Wiley, New York
Breeman WAP, de Jong M, Visser TJ, Erion JL, Krenning EP (2003) Optimizing conditions for radiolabeleing of DOTA-peptides with 90Y, 111In and 177Lu at high specific activities. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 30:917–920
Kwekkeboom DJ, de Herder WW, Kam BL, van Eijck CH, van Essen M, Kooij PP, Feelders RA, van Aken MO, Krenning EP (2008) Treatment with the radiolabeled somatostatin analog [177Lu-DOTA0, Tyr3]octreotate: toxicity, efficacy, and survival. J Clin Oncol 26:2124–2130
Esser JP, Krenning EP, Teunissen JJ, Kooij PP, van Gameren AL, Bakker WH, Kwekkeboom DJ (2006) Comparison of [(177)Lu-DOTA(0), Tyr(3)]octreotate and [(177)Lu-DOTA(0), Tyr(3)]octreotide: which peptide is preferable for PRRT? Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 33:1346–1351
Das T, Chakraborty S, Banerjee S, Venkatesh M (2007) On the preparation of a therapeutic dose of 177Lu labeled DOTA-TATE using indigenously produced 177Lu in medium flux reactor. Appl Radiat Isot 65:301–308
Kwekkeboom DJ, Bakker WH, Kooij PPM, Konijnenberg MW, Srinivasan A, Erion JL, Schmidt MA, Bugaj JL, de Jong M, Krenning EP (2001) [177Lu-DOTA0, Tyr3]octreotate: comparison with [111In-DTPA0]octreotide in patients. Eur J Nucl Med 28:1319–1325
Balasubramanian PS (1994) Separation of carrier-free lutetium-177 from neutron irradiated natural ytterbium target. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 185:305–310
Chakravarty R, Das T, Dash A, Venkatesh M (2010) An electro-amalgamation approach to isolate no-carrier-added 177Lu from neutron irradiated Yb for biomedical applications. Nucl Med Biol 37:811–820
Pillai MRA, Chakraborty S, Das T, Venkatesh M, Ramamoorthy N (2003) Production logistics of 177Lu for radionuclide therapy. Appl Radiat Isot 59:109–118
Atlas of Neutron Capture Cross Sections (1997) IAEA Nuclear Data Section, Vienna
Zhernosekov KP, Perego RC, Dvorakova Z, Henkelmann R, Tu¨rler A (2008) Target burn-up corrected specific activity of 177Lu produced via 176Lu(n,γ)177Lu nuclear reactions. Appl Radiat Isot 66:1218–1220
www.perkinelmer.com/CMSResources/Images/44-128405FLY_gmpY90_LU177.pdf. Accessed 2 Feb 2014
Knapp FF, Ambrose KR, Beets AL, Luo H, McPherson DW, Mirzadeh S (1995) Nuclear medicine program progress report for quarter ending September 30, 1995. ORNL/TM-13107
Nir-el Y (2004) Production of 177Lu by neutron activiation of 176Lu. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 262:563–567
Das T, Chakraborty S, Kallur KG, Venkatesh M, Banerjee S (2011) Preparation of patient doses of 177Lu-DOTA-TATE using indigenously produced 177Lu: the Indian experience. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 26:395–400
Dvorakova Z, Henkelmann R, Lin X, Tu¨rler A, Gerstenberg H (2008) Production of 177Lu at the new research reactor FRM-II: irradiation yield of 176Lu(n,γ)177Lu. Appl Radiat Isot 66:147–151
Bakker WH, Kwekkeboom DJ, de Jung LC, Konijnenberg MW, Janssen PJ, Kooij PP, Krenning EP (2003) The presence of the long-lived contaminate lutetium-177m in lutetium-177, used for radionuclide therapy in patients. J Nucl Med 44(Suppl):320
Melis M, Breeman W, de Blois E, Berndsen S, Konijnenberg M, de Jong M (2012) Increased specific activity of 177Lu-DOTA, Tyr3-octreotate (Lu-TATE) for peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT) to improve tumor radiation dose: first data from rat studies. J Nucl Med 53(Suppl):171
IAEA Research Reactor Database. www.nucleus.iaea.org/RRDB
Acknowledgments
Research at the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre is part of the ongoing activities of the Department of Atomic Energy, India and is fully supported by government funding. The authors are grateful to Dr. M. R. A. Pillai, former Head, Radiopharmaceuticals Division, for his guidance, encouragement and support. The authors express their sincere thanks to Dr. Gursharan Singh, Associate Director (I), RC&I Group, BARC for his support. The authors also gratefully acknowledge Dr. S. V. Thakare and Mr. K. C. Jagadeesan, Isotope applications and Radiopharmaceuticals Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre for their support in arranging the irradiation of lutetium targets.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interests, financial, scientific or otherwise with other people or organizations in the publication of this article.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Chakraborty, S., Vimalnath, K.V., Lohar, S.P. et al. On the practical aspects of large-scale production of 177Lu for peptide receptor radionuclide therapy using direct neutron activation of 176Lu in a medium flux research reactor: the Indian experience. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 302, 233–243 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10967-014-3169-z
Received:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10967-014-3169-z