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Late glacial and early Holocene climate and environmental changes in the eastern Baltic area inferred from sediment C/N ratio

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Abstract

We assessed the utility of using the sediment total organic carbon/total nitrogen (C/N) ratio as an indicator of paleoclimate changes in the eastern Baltic area during the late glacial and early Holocene. The C/N ratio in sediments from Lake Lielais Svētiņu, eastern Latvia, was compared with other sediment variables that are used as proxies of past climate and environment. Analysis revealed that although the organic matter (OM) content in late glacial sediments was extremely low, the C/N ratio captured information about OM origin, and fluctuations in the ratio tracked climate oscillations. The C/N ratio was significantly positively correlated with pollen-inferred mean summer temperature. Therefore, C/N ratio was lower under colder conditions, indicating a predominantly phytoplankton origin of OM, and was higher during warmer conditions, when there was more vegetation around the lake. A strong positive correlation between C/N ratio and the paleopigment beta carotene suggested that elevated phytoplankton production resulted from higher nutrient availability that was controlled largely by the input of terrestrial OM to the lake during warmer climate episodes. Thus, C/N ratio was a good indicator of paleoclimate changes, at least for the late glacial period, when generally cold conditions prevailed. This study also demonstrates the power of multi-proxy paleolimnological analyses for investigating past environmental changes in lakes and their watersheds.

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Acknowledgements

This study was supported by the Estonian Ministry of Education and Research through institutional research funding (IUT1–8, IUT21–2, PUT1173), the Estonian Science Foundation (ETF9031) EBOR project and national basic funding for science project Y5-AZ03-ZF-N-110 “Dabas resursu ilgtspējīga izmantošana klimata pārmaiņu kontekstā” Nr. ZD2010/AZ03. This paper was revised by Elsevier Language Editing Services. Two anonymous referees and Co-Editor in Chief Mark Brenner provided helpful comments on the manuscript.

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  1. Department of Geology, Tallinn University of Technology, Ehitajate tee 5, 19086, Tallinn, Estonia

    Merlin Liiv, Tiiu Alliksaar, Leeli Amon, Atko Heinsalu, Triin Reitalu, Leili Saarse, Normunds Stivrins, Jüri Vassiljev & Siim Veski

  2. Centre for Limnology, Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 5, 51014, Tartu, Estonia

    Rene Freiberg & Ilmar Tõnno

  3. Department of Geosciences and Geography, University of Helsinki, PO Box 64, 00014, Helsinki, Finland

    Heikki Seppä

  4. Department of Geography, Faculty of Geography and Earth Sciences, University of Latvia, Jelgavas iela 1, Riga, 1004, Latvia

    Normunds Stivrins

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  1. Merlin Liiv
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Liiv, M., Alliksaar, T., Amon, L. et al. Late glacial and early Holocene climate and environmental changes in the eastern Baltic area inferred from sediment C/N ratio. J Paleolimnol 61, 1–16 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10933-018-0041-0

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