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Development of a human physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model for inorganic arsenic and its mono- and di-methylated metabolites

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Abstract

A physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model was developed to estimate levels of arsenic and its metabolites in human tissues and urine after oral exposure to arsenate (AsV), arsenite (AsIII) or organoarsenical pesticides. The model consists of interconnected individual PBPK models for inorganic arsenic (AsV and AsIII), monomethylarsenic acid (MMAV), and, dimethylarsenic acid (DMAV). Reduction of MMAV and DMAV to their respective trivalent forms also occurs in the lung, liver, and kidney including excretion in urine. Each submodel was constructed using flow limited compartments describing the mass balance of the chemicals in GI tract (lumen and tissue), lung, liver, kidney, muscle, skin, heart, and brain. The choice of tissues was based on physiochemical properties of the arsenicals (solubility), exposure routes, target tissues, and sites for metabolism. Metabolism of inorganic arsenic in liver was described as a series of reduction and oxidative methylation steps incorporating the inhibitory influence of metabolites on methylation. The inhibitory effects of AsIII on the methylation of MMAIII to DMA, and MMAIII on the methylation of AsIII to MMA were modeled as noncompetitive. To avoid the uncertainty inherent in estimation of many parameters from limited human data, a priori independent parameter estimates were derived using data from diverse experimental systems with priority given to data derived using human cells and tissues. This allowed the limited data for human excretion of arsenicals in urine to be used to estimate only parameters that were most sensitive to this type of data. Recently published urinary excretion data, not previously used in model development, are also used to evaluate model predictions.

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Abbreviations

As:

Inorganic arsenic

AsIII :

Trivalent inorganic arsenic

AsV :

Pentavalent inorganic arsenic

MMAIII :

Monomethylarsonous acid

MMAV :

Monomethylarsenic acid

DMAIII :

Dimethylarsinous acid

DMAV :

Dimethylarsinic acid

TMAO:

Trimethylarsine oxide

PBPK:

Physiologically based pharmacokinetic

AS3MT:

Arsenic +3 oxidation state methyltransferase

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  1. Experimental Toxicology Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, MD-B143-01, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA

    Hisham A. El-Masri & Elaina M. Kenyon

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  1. Hisham A. El-Masri
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Correspondence to Hisham A. El-Masri.

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The research described in this article has been reviewed by the National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency and approved for publication. Approval does not signify that the contents necessarily reflect the views and policies of the agency nor does the mention of trade names or commercial products constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.

Throughout this manuscript, As, MMA and DMA refer to the sum of both reduced and oxidized metabolites for inorganic, mono- and di-methylated forms of arsenic, respectively

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El-Masri, H.A., Kenyon, E.M. Development of a human physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model for inorganic arsenic and its mono- and di-methylated metabolites. J Pharmacokinet Pharmacodyn 35, 31–68 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10928-007-9075-z

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