Abstract
Metal magnetic memory (MMM) method is a non-destructive testing method based on the analysis of self-magnetic-leakage field (SMLF) distribution on components’ surfaces. The MMM method can determine stress concentration zones, imperfections, and heterogeneity in the microstructure of the material and in welded joints. In order to study the magnetization of defective and non-defective butt welded Q345 steel specimens under tensile and bending loads, the normal component of the SMLF (Hp(y)) field values were measured. The results demonstrate that Hp(y) field values and gradients are effective in capturing different stress states under tensile and bending loads. The distribution of Hp(y) field values for flexural tests are quite different from that of tensile tests. The gradient values can be used to determine the degree of stress concentration. In addition, three characteristic parameters were calculated. All three parameters can predict failures with early warnings. Specifically, whether the specimen is in tensile stress state or in compressive stress state can be distinguished by the average value of Hp(y) field area. The quality of the butt weld can be judged by the magnetic index (m). The judging criteria can be a significant complement to the inspection of welded joints using MMM method. Further research could help to validate the judging criteria and analyse the factors affecting the accuracy of the predictions.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Dubov, A.A.: A study of metal properties using the method of magnetic memory. Met. Sci. Heat Treat. 39(9), 401–405 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02469065
Dubov, A.A.: Screening of weld quality using the magnetic metal memory effect. Weld World 41(3), 196–199 (1998)
Dubov, A.A.: Diagnostics of metal items and equipment by means of metal magnetic memory. In: NDT’99 and UK Corrosion’99, pp. 287–293 (1999)
BS ISO 24497-3:2007: Non-destructive testing—metal magnetic memory—part 3: inspection of welded joints. Document No. ISO 24497-3:2007 (2007)
Dubov, A.A.: Principle features of metal magnetic memory method and inspection tools as compared to known magnetic NDT methods. CINDE J. 27(3), 16 (2006)
Wang, Z.D., Gu, Y., Wang, Y.S.: A review of three magnetic NDT technologies. J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 324(4), 382–388 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmmm.2011.08.048
Bao, S., Fu, M., Hu, S., Gu, Y., Lou, H.: A review of the metal magnetic memory technique. In: ASME 2016 35th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering (2016)
Shi, P., Zhang, P., Jin, K., Chen, Z., Zheng, X.: Thermo-magneto-elastoplastic coupling model of metal magnetic memory testing method for ferromagnetic materials. J. Appl. Phys. 123(14), 145102 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5022534
Jiles, D.C.: Theory of the magnetomechanical effect. J. Phys. D Appl. Phys. 28(8), 1537–1546 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/28/8/001
Jiles, D.C., Li, L.: A new approach to modeling the magnetomechanical effect. J. Appl. Phys. 95(11), 7058–7060 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1687200
Wang, Z.D., Yao, K., Deng, B., Ding, K.Q.: Quantitative study of metal magnetic memory signal versus local stress concentration. NDT & Int. 43(6), 513–518 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ndteint.2010.05.007
Wang, Z.D., Deng, B., Yao, K.: Physical model of plastic deformation on magnetization in ferromagnetic materials. J. Appl. Phys. 109(8), 083928 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3574923
Ren, S., Ren, X.: Studies on laws of stress-magnetization based on magnetic memory testing technique. J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 449, 165–171 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmmm.2017.09.050
Bao, S., Lou, H., Gong, S.: Magnetic field variation of a low-carbon steel under tensile stress. Insight 56(5), 252–263 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1784/insi.2014.56.5.252
Li, Y., Zeng, X., Wei, L., Wan, Q.: Characterizations of damage-induced magnetization for X80 pipeline steel by metal magnetic memory testing. Int. J. Appl. Electromagnet Mech 54(1), 23–35 (2017). https://doi.org/10.3233/JAE-160074
Guo, P., Chen, X., Guan, W., Cheng, H., Jiang, H.: Effect of tensile stress on the variation of magnetic field of low-alloy steel. J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 323(20), 2474–2477 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmmm.2011.05.015
Roskosz, M., Bieniek, M.: Evaluation of residual stress in ferromagnetic steels based on residual magnetic field measurements. NDT&E Int. 45(1), 55–62 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ndteint.2011.09.007
Li, X.M., Ding, H.S., Bai, S.W.: Research on the stress-magnetism effect of ferromagnetic materials based on three-dimensional magnetic flux leakage testing. NDT&E Int. 62(2), 50–54 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ndteint.2013.11.002
Leng, J., Liu, Y., Zhou, G., Gao, Y.: Metal magnetic memory signal response to plastic deformation of low carbon steel. NDT&E Int. 55(3), 42–46 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ndteint.2013.01.005
Huang, H., Yang, C., Qian, Z., Han, G., Liu, Z.: Magnetic memory signals variation induced by applied magnetic field and static tensile stress in ferromagnetic steel. J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 416, 213–219 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmmm.2016.04.094
Leng, J., Xu, M., Zhou, G., Wu, Z.: Effect of initial remanent states on the variation of magnetic memory signals. NDT&E Int. 52, 23–27 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ndteint.2012.08.009
Roskosz, M.: Metal magnetic memory testing of welded joints of ferritic and austenitic steels. NDT&E Int. 44(3), 305–310 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ndteint.2011.01.008
Shui, G., Li, C., Yao, K.: Non-destructive evaluation of the damage of ferromagnetic steel using metal magnetic memory and nonlinear ultrasonic method. Int. J. Appl. Electromagnet Mech 47(4), 1023–1038 (2015). https://doi.org/10.3233/JAE-140115
Yao, K., Wang, Z.D., Deng, B., Shen, K.: Experimental research on metal magnetic memory method. Exp. Mech. 52(3), 305–314 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11340-011-9490-3
Huang, H., Han, G., Qian, Z., Liu, Z.: Characterizing the magnetic memory signals on the surface of plasma transferred arc cladding coating under fatigue loads. J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 443, 281–286 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmmm.2017.07.067
Xu, K., Qiu, X., Tian, X.: Investigation of metal magnetic memory signals of welding cracks. J. Nondestr. Eval. 36(2), 20 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10921-017-0402-z
Kolokolnikov, S.M., Dubov, A.A., Marchenkov, A.Y.: Determination of mechanical properties of metal of welded joints by strength parameters in the stress concentration zones detected by the metal magnetic memory method. Weld World 58(5), 699–706 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40194-014-0151-x
Huang, H., Qian, Z., Yang, C., Han, G., Liu, Z.: Magnetic memory signals of ferromagnetic weldment induced by dynamic bending load. Nondestr. Test. Eval. 32(2), 166–184 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1080/10589759.2016.1159307
Dong, L., Xu, B., Dong, S., Song, L., Chen, Q., Wang, D.: Stress dependence of the spontaneous stray field signals of ferromagnetic steel. NDT&E Int. 42(4), 323–327 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ndteint.2008.12.005
Hornreich, R., Rubinstein, H., Spain, R.: Magnetostrictive phenomena in metallic materials and some of their device applications. IEEE Trans. Magn. 7(1), 29–48 (1971). https://doi.org/10.1109/TMAG.1971.1067004
Gatelier-Rothea, C., Chicois, J., Fougeres, R., Fleischmann, P.: Characterization of pure iron and (130 p.p.m.) carbon–iron binary alloy by Barkhausen noise measurements: study of the influence of stress and microstructure. Acta Mater. 46(14), 4873–4882 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1016/S1359-6454(98)00205-5
Jiang, S.T., Li, W.: Condensed Matter Magnetic Physics, 1st edn. Science Publishing Company, Beijing (2003)
Stefanita, C.G., Atherton, D.L., Clapham, L.: Plastic versus elastic deformation effects on magnetic Barkhausen noise in steel. Acta Mater. 48(13), 3545–3551 (2000). https://doi.org/10.1016/S1359-6454(00)00134-8
Hwang, D.G., Kim, H.C.: The influence of plastic deformation on Barkhausen effects and magnetic properties in mild steel. J. Phys. D Appl. Phys. 21(12), 1807–1813 (1988). https://doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/21/12/024
Degauque, J.: Soft magnetic materials: microstructure and properties. Solid State Phenom. 35–36, 335–352 (1993). https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/SSP.35-36.335
Jian, X., Jian, X., Deng, G.: Experiment on relationship between the magnetic gradient of low-carbon steel and its stress. J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 321(21), 3600–3606 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmmm.2009.06.077
Wang, H.P., Dong, L.H., Dong, S.Y., Xu, B.S.: Fatigue damage evaluation by metal magnetic memory testing. J. Cent. South Univ. 21(1), 65–70 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11771-014-1916-5
Cullity, B.D., Graham, C.D.: Introduction to Magnetic Materials, 2nd edn. Wiley, Hoboken (2011)
Li, L., Jiles, D.C.: Modified law of approach for the magnetomechanical model: application of the rayleigh law to stress. IEEE Trans. Magn. 39(5), 3037–3039 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1109/INTMAG.2003.1230289
Jiles, D.C., Devine, M.K.: The law of approach as a means of modelling the magnetomechanical effect. J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 140–144, 1881–1882 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-8853(94)00928-7
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China [grant numbers 51878548, 51578449] and the Key Project of Natural Science Basic Research Plan of Shaanxi Province [2018JZ5013].
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Su, S., Zhao, X., Wang, W. et al. Metal Magnetic Memory Inspection of Q345 Steel Specimens with Butt Weld in Tensile and Bending Test. J Nondestruct Eval 38, 64 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10921-019-0603-8
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10921-019-0603-8