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Comparative Mechanisms of Branching Morphogenesis in Diverse Systems

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Journal of Mammary Gland Biology and Neoplasia Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Much progress has been made in recent years toward understanding mechanisms controlling branching morphogenesis, a fundamental aspect of development in a variety of invertebrate and vertebrate organs. To gain a deeper understanding of how branching morphogenesis occurs in the mammary gland, we compare and contrast the cellular and molecular events underlying this process in both invertebrate and vertebrate organs. Thus, in this review, we focus on the common themes that have emerged from such comparative analyses and discuss how they are implemented via a battery of signaling pathways to ensure proper branching morphogenesis in diverse systems.

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Abbreviations

ADAM:

a disintegrin and metalloproteinase

AEL:

after egg laying

AER:

apical ectodermal ridge

BMP:

bone morphogenetic protein

ECM:

extracellular matrix

EGF:

epidermal growth factor

EMT:

epithelial–mesenchymal transition

EGFR:

EGF receptor

FGF:

fibroblast growth factor

FGFR:

FGF receptor

GDNF:

glial-cell-line derived neurotrophic factor

GFP:

green fluorescent protein

HGF:

hepatic growth factor

IGF:

insulin growth factor

MMP:

matrix metalloprotease

RTK:

receptor tyrosine kinase

SHH:

sonic hedgehog

TEB:

terminal end bud

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Acknowledgments

We apologize to authors whose work is not cited due to space limitations. This work was supported by grants CA057621, CA058207 and ES012801 from the NIH and an institutional NRSA HL07731 (P. L.).

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  1. Department of Anatomy and Program in Developmental Biology, School of Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143-0452, USA

    Pengfei Lu, Mark D. Sternlicht & Zena Werb

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  1. Pengfei Lu
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  2. Mark D. Sternlicht
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  3. Zena Werb
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Correspondence to Zena Werb.

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Lu, P., Sternlicht, M.D. & Werb, Z. Comparative Mechanisms of Branching Morphogenesis in Diverse Systems. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 11, 213–228 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10911-006-9027-z

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