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X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy, Raman and Humidity Sensing Properties of Sm3+ Doped CoCr2O4 for Humidity Sensor Applications

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Abstract

This research presents the structural, microstructural, Raman, XPS and humidity sensing behaviour of Sm3+ doped cobalt chromite (CoCr2O4). All samples are synthesized using solution combustion method with urea and glucose as fuels. The X-ray diffraction analysis confirms the single-phase formation with a spinel cubic structure. Field emission scanning electron microscopy micrographs revealed that the materials are porous and include soft agglomerations. Elemental analysis was performed using Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis, confirming the presence of Samarium (3+) in the Sm3+ doped CoCr2O4 samples. The oxidation state of each element was determined using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) for CoCr1.98Sm0.02O4 samples. The vibration bands identified by the Raman spectra confirm the formation of the spinel cubic structure. The electrical properties were measured by using an LCR meter, and it was observed that smaller crystallite size exhibits higher dielectric constant. All the electrical properties were found to increase with increasing samarium concentration. In humid conditions, this material’s resistance to electricity and permittivity and permittivity changes with frequency, making it useful as a capacitive and resistive humidity sensor. The findings of this work pave the way for the use of metal-doped magnetic chromites in applications for humidity sensing.

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Data Availability

The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. The data that support the findings of this study are not openly available due to unpublished this work anywhere and are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request

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Acknowledgements

The authors extend their sincere appreciation to the Researchers Supporting Project number RSP2023R55, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia for the support. We want to thank the National of Science and Technology Council (NSTC) of the Republic of China for the financial support through grant numbers NSTC-111-2112-M-259-009, NSTC-111-2112-M-259-013, NSTC-111-2112-M-259-014, NSTC-112-2811-M-259-012, and NSTC-112-2112-M-259-017.

Funding

This study was supported by Researchers Supporting Project number (RSP2023R55), King Saud University, Riyadh Saudi Arabia.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Physics, P. C. Jabin Science College, Hubli, Karnataka, 580031, India

    V. Jagadeesha Angadi

  2. Department of Physics, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien, 97401, Taiwan

    K. Manjunatha, Ming-Kang Ho & Sheng Yun Wu

  3. Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia

    Mohd Ubaidullah & Abdullah M. Al-Enizi

  4. Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Chemical Engineering, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Avenida de la Universidad 30, 28911, Leganés, Madrid, Spain

    Bidhan Pandit

  5. Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Science, Banglore, 12, India

    B. Chethan

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Contributions

VJA: Conceptualization, Methodology, Software and Writing—Original draft preparation. KM: Analysis. M-KH: Measurements of XPS. SY: Analysis. MU: Editing. AMA-E: Analysis of humidity.  BP: Editing: Analysis. CB: Humidity measurement.

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Correspondence to V. Jagadeesha Angadi.

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Jagadeesha Angadi, V., Manjunatha, K., Ho, MK. et al. X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy, Raman and Humidity Sensing Properties of Sm3+ Doped CoCr2O4 for Humidity Sensor Applications. J Inorg Organomet Polym 34, 1712–1724 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10904-023-02912-5

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