Abstract
Recent studies have identified a small number of individual eastern hemlock trees that demonstrate relative resistance to the introduced sap-feeding insect, the hemlock woolly adelgid. Using gas chromatography, we compared concentrations of twenty-two terpenoids in susceptible and relatively resistant trees, both in the forest and in propagated cuttings in a common-garden setting. Terpenoid concentrations were higher in twig tissue of resistant versus susceptible trees, across six sampling dates and at both sites. These changes may be particularly important because the hemlock woolly adelgid feeds on twig tissue. Because the common-garden cuttings were free of herbivores, the higher terpenoid concentrations are interpreted as a constitutive defense. Increased levels of monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes imply an overall increase in the input of carbon precursors to both terpenoid synthesis pathways.
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Acknowledgments
We gratefully acknowledge Joshua Pezet for developing the chemical methods and Elwood Roberts for propagation of resistant trees. This work is supported by the United States Department of Agriculture National Institute of Food and Agriculture grant #2010–03710 to ELP and JSE, and RI-AES Hatch Grant RI00HI-4004 to ELP and RAC. Access to the New Jersey forest sites was permitted through the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection, Division of Fish & Wildlife and the Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area, National Parks Service.
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McKenzie, E.A., Elkinton, J.S., Casagrande, R.A. et al. Terpene Chemistry of Eastern Hemlocks Resistant to Hemlock Woolly Adelgid. J Chem Ecol 40, 1003–1012 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10886-014-0495-0
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10886-014-0495-0