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Herbivore-Induced Plant Volatiles Can Serve as Host Location Cues for a Generalist and a Specialist Egg Parasitoid

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Abstract

Herbivore-induced plant volatiles are important host finding cues for larval parasitoids, and similarly, insect oviposition might elicit the release of plant volatiles functioning as host finding cues for egg parasitoids. We hypothesized that egg parasitoids also might utilize HIPVs of emerging larvae to locate plants with host eggs. We, therefore, assessed the olfactory response of two egg parasitoids, a generalist, Trichogramma pretiosum (Tricogrammatidae), and a specialist, Telenomus remus (Scelionidae) to HIPVs. We used a Y-tube olfactometer to tests the wasps’ responses to volatiles released by young maize plants that were treated with regurgitant from caterpillars of the moth Spodoptera frugiperda (Noctuidae) or were directly attacked by the caterpillars. The results show that the generalist egg parasitoid Tr. pretiosum is innately attracted by volatiles from freshly-damaged plants 0–1 and 2–3 h after regurgitant treatment. During this interval, the volatile blend consisted of green leaf volatiles (GLVs) and a blend of aromatic compounds, mono- and homoterpenes, respectively. Behavioral assays with synthetic GLVs confirmed their attractiveness to Tr. pretiosum. The generalist learned the more complex volatile blends released 6–7 h after induction, which consisted mainly of sesquiterpenes. The specialist T. remus on the other hand was attracted only to volatiles emitted from fresh and old damage after associating these volatiles with oviposition. Taken together, these results strengthen the emerging pattern that egg and larval parasitoids behave in a similar way in that generalists can respond innately to HIPVs, while specialists seems to rely more on associative learning.

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Acknowledgments

We are grateful to Ted C. J. Turlings for comments in the manuscript and also for generously providing the laboratory facilities for collection and identification of plant volatiles. We thank INCT Semioquímicos na Agricultura, CNPq, and FAPESP for financial support (Process 07/00906-9 and 573761/2008-6). ME and LAM were supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation (3100A0-122132). This project was partially funded by the National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) “Plant Survival”, a research program of the Swiss National Science Foundation.

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  1. Department of Entomology and Acarology, Laboratory of Chemical Ecology and Insect Behavior, University of São Paulo, Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz”, Av. Pádua Dias, 11, CP 09, 13418-900, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil

    M. F. G. V. Peñaflor, A. G. Werneburg & J. M. S. Bento

  2. Laboratory of Fundamental and Applied Research in Chemical Ecology (FARCE), University of Neuchâtel, Institute of Biology, Rue Emile-Argand, 11, CP 158, CH-2009, Neuchâtel, Switzerland

    M. Erb & L. A. Miranda

  3. Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, 07745, Jena, Germany

    M. Erb

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  1. M. F. G. V. Peñaflor
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Peñaflor, M.F.G.V., Erb, M., Miranda, L.A. et al. Herbivore-Induced Plant Volatiles Can Serve as Host Location Cues for a Generalist and a Specialist Egg Parasitoid. J Chem Ecol 37, 1304–1313 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10886-011-0047-9

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