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Intraoperative core temperature monitoring: accuracy and precision of zero-heat flux heated controlled servo sensor compared with esophageal temperature during major surgery; the ESOSPOT study

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Abstract

Monitoring of intraoperative core temperature is strongly recommended to reduce the risk of perioperative thermic imbalance and related complications. The zero-heat-flux sensor (3M Bair Hugger Temperature monitoring system, ZHF), measures core temperature in a non-invasive manner. This study was aimed at comparing accuracy and precision of the ZHF sensor compared to the esophageal thermometer. Patients scheduled for major elective abdominal or urologic surgery were considered eligible for enrollment. Core body temperature was measured using both an esophageal probe (TESO) and a ZHF sensor (TZHF) every 15 min from induction until the end of general anaesthesia. A Bland–Altman plot for repeated measures was performed. The proportion of measurements within ± 0.5 °C was estimated; from a clinical point of view, a proportion greater than 90% was considered sufficiently accurate. Lin’s concordance correlation coefficient (CCC) for repeated measures were calculated. To evaluate association between the two methods, a generalized estimating equation (GEE) simple linear regression model, was elaborated. A GEE multiple regression model was also performed in order to adjust the estimate of the association between measurements from surgical and patient’s features. Ninety-nine patients were enrolled. Bland–Altman plot bias was 0.005 °C with upper and lower limits of agreement for repeated measures of 0.50 °C and − 0.49 °C. The percentage of measurements within 0.5 °C of the reference value was 97.98% (95% confidence interval 92.89–99.75%), indicating a clinically sufficient agreement between the two methods. This was also confirmed by a CCC for repeated measures of 0.89 (95% CI 0.80 to 0.94). The GEE simple regression model (slope value of 0.77) was not significantly influenced by any patient or surgical variables. According to GEE multiple regression model results, the explored patient- and surgery-related variables did not influence the association between methods. ZHF sensor has shown a clinically acceptable accuracy and precision for body core temperature monitoring during elective major surgery.

Clinical Trials

Clinical trial number: NCT03820232.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy

    Elena Morettini, Francesca Turchini & Stefano Romagnoli

  2. Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, University of Florence, Florence, Italy

    Lorenzo Tofani

  3. Section of Anesthesia, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy

    Gianluca Villa & Stefano Romagnoli

  4. Pediatric Cardiac Intensive Care Unit, Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Cardiac Surgery, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Piazza Sant’Onofrio, Rome, Italy

    Zaccaria Ricci

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  1. Elena Morettini
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  2. Francesca Turchini
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  3. Lorenzo Tofani
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  4. Gianluca Villa
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  5. Zaccaria Ricci
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  6. Stefano Romagnoli
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Contributions

EM and FT conceived and conducted the study and wrote the first draft of manuscript, LT analyzed the data, GV and ZR revised the manuscript, SR conceived the study and revised the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Elena Morettini.

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Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Ethical approval

All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the regional Ethics Committee (Comitato etico Area Vasta, study protocol ESOSPOT—No. 9834/2018). and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.

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Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.

Research involving human and animal rights

This article does not contain any studies with animals performed by any of the authors.

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Morettini, E., Turchini, F., Tofani, L. et al. Intraoperative core temperature monitoring: accuracy and precision of zero-heat flux heated controlled servo sensor compared with esophageal temperature during major surgery; the ESOSPOT study. J Clin Monit Comput 34, 1111–1119 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10877-019-00410-z

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