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Fifteen years progress of the TRITON array in the Western Pacific and Eastern Indian Oceans

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Abstract

The Triangle Trans‐Ocean Buoy Network (TRITON) project by the Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology began with deployment in the western tropical Pacific Ocean in 1998 and has shifted to steady, long-term observations since 1999. After on-site inter-comparison with the Autonomous Temperature Line Acquisition System mooring system of the Tropical Atmosphere and Ocean (TAO) array by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, the TRITON array became the international TAO/TRITON array in 2000 as a key component of the Global Ocean and Climate Observing Systems. The TAO/TRITON array took over from the TAO array, which was developed during the Tropical Ocean and Global Atmosphere program (1985–1994), and replaced the western part of TAO with new additional real-time measurements of salinity and ocean currents. In 2001, two TRITON moorings were deployed in the eastern Indian Ocean for capturing the eastern pole of the Indian Ocean Dipole. From this initiative, the Indian Ocean Observing System (IndOOS) was designed, and the Indian Ocean mooring array (Research Moored Array for Africa–Asian–Australian Monsoon Analysis and Prediction) was developed as a key component of IndOOS. In this paper, 15 years of progress in the TRITON project in the western Pacific and eastern Indian Oceans is reviewed with regards to scientific outcomes, technological development, and collaborations with international and domestic partners. Future directions for sustainable observation in the Pacific and Indian Oceans are also discussed.

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Abbreviations

ACC:

Anomaly correlation coefficient

ADCP:

Acoustic doppler current profiler

ATLAS:

Autonomous temperature line acquisition system

BL:

Barrier layer

CLIVAR:

Climate variability and predictability (currently, climate and ocean variability, predictability, and change)

ECMWF:

European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts

ENSO:

El Niño-Southern oscillation

GCOS:

Global Climate Observing System

GODAE (GOV):

Global Ocean Data Assimilation Experiment (GODAE Ocean View)

GOOS:

Global Ocean Observing System

GOV OSEval TT:

GODAE Ocean View Observing System Evaluation Task Team

GTMBA:

Global Tropical Moored Buoy Array

HE:

Halmahera Eddy

IMET:

Integrated meteorology buoy

IndOOS:

Indian Ocean Observing System

IOD:

Indian Ocean Dipole

IOP:

Indian Ocean Panel

ITCZ:

Inter-tropical convergence zone

JAMSTEC:

Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology

JMA:

Japan Meteorological Agency

MD:

Mindanao dome

MIO:

Mutsu Institute of Oceanography

MISMO:

Mirai Indian Ocean cruise for the Study of the MJO-convection Onset

MJO:

Madden-Julian Oscillation

MLT:

Mixed layer temperature

MRI:

Meteorological Research Institute

m-TRITON:

Mini size TRITON

NECC:

North Equatorial Counter Current

NGCC:

New Guinea Coastal Current

NGCUC:

New Guinea Coastal Under Current

NOAA:

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

NPGO:

North Pacific Gyre Oscillation

OHC:

Ocean heat content

OOPC:

Ocean observations panel for climate

OSE:

Observing system experiment

PDO:

Pacific decadal oscillation

PIRATA:

Prediction and Research Moored Array in the Atlantic

PMEL:

Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory

QD:

Quasi-decadal

RAMA:

Research Moored Array for African–Asian–Australian Monsoon Analysis and prediction

SPCZ:

South Pacific Convergence Zone

SST:

Sea Surface Temperature

TAO:

Tropical Atmosphere and Ocean

TOGA:

Tropical Ocean and Global Atmosphere

TPOS:

Tropical Pacific Observing System

TRITON:

Triangle Trans-Ocean Buoy Network

WCRP:

World Climate Research Program

WWB:

Westerly wind burst

WWV:

Warm water volume

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Acknowledgements

The TRITON Project has been fully supported by Ministry of Education, Culture, Science and Technology of Japanese Government. Many of the administrations, engineers, technicians, and ship operators in JAMSTEC have given billions of efforts to operate the buoy systems. We owe many ocean and atmosphere scientists in Japan for their enthusiastic support through the planning stage, collaborative studies, and reviewing meetings. The international partners in United States of America (NOAA/PMEL), Republic of Indonesia (Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology), Republic of Korea (Korean Institute of Ocean Science and Technology), People’s Republic of China (Institute of Oceanography, First Institute of Oceanography), Republic of India (National Institute of Oceanography) support us in many daunting tasks to conduct and sustain observations. CLIVAR, OOPC, GOOS/GCOS, TIP (Tropical Moored Buoy Implementation Panel), IRF (IndOOS Resource Forum), and GODAE have provided many precious opportunities to coordinate observational activities and studies with relevant scientists and engineers. Data assimilation studies were conducted by the collaborative study between JAMSTEC and MRI.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, 2-15, Natsushima, Yokosuka, Kanagawa, Japan

    Kentaro Ando, Yoshifumi Kuroda, Tatsuya Fukuda, Takuya Hasegawa, Takanori Horii, Yasuhisa Ishihara, Yuji Kashino, Keisuke Mizuno, Motoki Nagura & Iwao Ueki

  2. Meteorological Research Institute, 1-1 Nagamine, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan

    Yosuke Fujii

  3. University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan

    Yukio Masumoto

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  1. Kentaro Ando
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  2. Yoshifumi Kuroda
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  3. Yosuke Fujii
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  4. Tatsuya Fukuda
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  5. Takuya Hasegawa
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  10. Keisuke Mizuno
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  12. Iwao Ueki
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Correspondence to Kentaro Ando.

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K. Mizuno retired in October 2012.

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Ando, K., Kuroda, Y., Fujii, Y. et al. Fifteen years progress of the TRITON array in the Western Pacific and Eastern Indian Oceans. J Oceanogr 73, 403–426 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10872-017-0414-4

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